Physiology : The Human Excretory System

4. Submerge the first brand of paper towel into water and start the stopwatch. At 20 seconds remove the paper towel from the water and squeeze the paper towel into the second liquid measuring cup.

Incontinence is one of the major problems faced by the elderly. Nurses can play a significant role in discovering continence problems (Lea R.et.al.2007). Urinary incontinence is the unintentional passing of urine. It is a very common problem and is thought to affect more than 50 million people in the developed world.(NHS.UK). To identify the problem and provide necessary treatment at the early stage, a thorough physical assessment is necessary.

The purpose of the experiment was to help us better understand how water, Coke and Gatorade effected the renal system. The goal was to test and see if my hypothesis were correct regarding the urine specific gravity, urine flow rate, and presents of reagents using the Labstix. My hypothesis for this experiment was that the Gatorade drinkers will have the highest urine flow rate and that non-drinkers would have the highest urine specific gravity. Water is hypo-osmotic and coke contains a high amount of sugar making it hyperosmotic relative to plasma. Gatorade consists of large amounts of electrolytes making it iso-osmatic relative to the plasma. Based on these characteristics of the consumed substances, we are able to study the hormonal effects on the average UFR and USG.

The digestive system is made up of all different organs which starts at the mouth and finishes at the anus but on the way involves all other organs; these organs help to break down and absorb the food.

After the 1-minute was up the daphnia was then removed using a pipette and placed in the centre of the cavity slide along with some of the caffeine concentration. Then, the heart rate was recorded over thirty seconds using the timer and the person counting the heartbeats. The results were then recorded. The heart rate is then counted again for 1 minute then 2 minutes, and

The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the whole body. To achieve the goal of providing energy and nutrients to the body, six processes take place in the digestive system.

The people who drank Gatorade and coffee were both only able to produce three urine samples at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The general trend for these two drinks was that the volume of urine increased over time. The urine produced from Gatorade samples increased greatly over each sample, beginning at a low 46 mL with the first sample, jumping to 215 mL, and ending at 410 mL. The person who consumed coffee began with a moderate amount of urine at 170 mL, increased by 30 mL up to 200 mL for the second, and the final sample was 470 mL of urine. (Figure 1)

Regulate blood pressure and kidney function. Producing erythropoeitin. Metabolizing vitamin D to its active form.

Trace and discuss the complete movement of a bolus of food entering and exiting the human via the digestive system.

The renal system also known as the urinary systems purpose is to eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood pressure, and regulate blood pH.

The digestive and excretory systems help the body with the wonderful task of food. The digestive system is composed of the stomach, mouth, liver, pancreas, and the large and small intestine. It digests food and provides the

Taylor, C. Littis, C., Lynn, P., & LeMone, P. (2015). Urinary Elimination. In S. Dickinson (Ed.),

The renal system in the body pertains to the kidneys. The kidneys are the eliminators of waste in the body and collects the ions and elements that that body needs. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the middle to lower back. At

Next, a timer was set to five minutes, and the subject exited the lab room. As soon as the timer started to count down from five minutes, the subject begun their exercise, which consisted of running laps around building on the second floor. When the timer reached zero, the subject returned to the lab room and sat down in front of the second Erlenmeyer flask filled with prepared solution that sat on top of a white piece of regular printer paper. The timer was set to zero, and then, as soon as the timer was started, the subject blew into the straw until the solution appeared clear, which was when the stopwatch was stopped. Then, the time was recorded as the subject’s working clearing time.

Treatment with water, caffeine, alcohol, and gatorade and the effects on urine output, pH, Na+ excretion, and solid excretion were tested at 30 minute intervals for 2 hours. It was found that urine production for each treatment group increased after 30 minutes, increased further after 60 minutes, and then began to decrease. Mean increases in urine production were only significant for Gatorade in the first 90 minutes (an increase of 40% at 30-60 minutes, and a decrease of 73% at 60-90 minutes) and for caffeine over 60-90min (a 48% decrease). The average pH for each treatment group became more acidic by 90-120 minutes. Mean differences over each time