Pillars Of Representativeness

When Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801, after an intense realignment of the majority of office holders from Federalist to Anti-Federalist in the “Revolution of 1800”, there were many policies headed by former Treasurer Alexander Hamilton that were still in place. Instead of doing what would have been expected of him by his peers, and taking steps

"The authority part to learn and information administration needs to concentrate on four principle regions DS advancing basic reason, building up a community-oriented society, encouraging multi-disciplinary collaboration, and creating learning and learning administration techniques. The best administration way to deal with attempt these parts is transcendently synergistic and scattered yet may be adaptable to mirror the progressive goals of execution and accountability."(Williams, Paul

Dysfunctional bureaucracy is comprised of administrator who are merely doing their job, and not really making a difference in the community. These administrators are the “so-called” leaders in education; however, these employees have never actually had to lead an organization, participated in hands-on work, or been held accountable for their performance. Haberman claims, “…central office personnel have had no experience at being productive, accountable or engaged in

With the presidency of Jackson came the spoils system, which in theory is rewarding political supporters with public office. While this basic idea is “ as old as politics,” (The American Pageant p.271) it is Jackson that extended the system to involve more of the common person. In theory, this would re-enforce loyalties as well as making it possible for politics to become a full-time career. Instead it made government positions more about the spoils than the responsibilities.

Grant appointed more members to his cabinet when Congress assembled on March 4th, 1869. He appointed Republicans who remained loyal during the civil war. Democrats at the time believed Grant had made a terrible choice in his selections and feared for the future of the country. Foreshadowing corruption, it was speculated that Adolph E. Borie was solely appointed as Secretary of the Navy because he was a contributor to Grant’s campaign. “To the politicians it seemed that Grant regarded the presidency ‘as a candy cornucopia from which he is to extract a sugar plum for the good little boys who have given him some of their plum cake.’” Stewart’s appointment was received with great public approval, but politicians thought otherwise. A law from 1789 prohibits anybody that has relations in trade or commerce from becoming Secretary of Treasury, so Sumner and other politicians prepared to have a man of their own selected to that position. Republicans and Grant’s advisors alike agreed on George S. Boutwell filling in this vacant position as he soon did. This was seen as a defeat of Grant’s. However he was not totally against this because Boutwell had political and financial experience. With the completion of his cabinet, Grant solidified the idea of being representative of the people, and not of any party. Grant approached filling smaller offices differently

For twelve years, the new government remained in the hands of Federalists because George Washington quietly supported those attempting to create one becoming Federalists ' greatest assets. Washington also believed that it should remain above political controversies, and avoid personal involvement in deliberations of Congress. The secretary of the treasury Hamilton, influence on domestic and foreign policy

Representation is when elected officials nominally speak for their constituents in the legislature. Equality is defined as the state of being equal. especially in regards to a person’s status, their rights as citizens, and the opportunities given to them. In American society, every citizen is supposed to be given equal rights and opportunities by the politicians they chose to represent them in the country’s government. One issue that I believe to be viewed and discussed by many people in our society is whether the United States government represents its citizens equally or unequally in society. Throughout the semester, we have talked about many different authors’ views and opinions that address this specific issue. Each reading we have read was written in relation to the societies and time periods in which the authors lived, but can all be tied together to address the issue in the United States today. There are also many of examples in our society today, that can show us the lack of equality amongst the citizens in the United States.

This case was prepared by Associate Professor Marc L. Lipson. It was written as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  2010 by the University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to sales@dardenbusinesspublishing.com. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation.

Patronage can best be defined as the power to control appointments of a position in the office which allows individuals to be selected on the basis of favoritism, nepotism, and financial backing instead of merit. For decades, the Spoils System, used the value of patronage as a way to reward those individuals who continued to support them through out their campaign. Eventually, individuals who showed their support and commitment to a candidate during their campaign began to expect that a position would be offered to them upon their candidate winning the presidency. This value of patronage had been consistently displayed by every President up until Abraham Lincoln stepped into office, as he did not favor this system of preferential treatment (Naff et al., 2014). In comparison patronage is displayed quite differently in the Civil Service System. Although the value of patronage does exist, it is a lot more limited in this system. For example, no more than ten percent of senior executive servants can be politically appointed, where as forty five percent of positions are reserved for career officials (Naff et al., 2014). Although positions that are appointed most often are filled by an individual who shares the same party affiliation as the President, these appointments are often needed. In the Civil Service System, Presidents appoint individuals whom they believe will loyally serve them, advocate on their behalf, and truly enhance their ability to govern

Politics/administration dichotomy- when viewing this opposition, it should be seen as politicians writing and making rules while bureaucrats implement and put in place the policies and programs for the public to utilize. Administration and politics are seen as two separate components where they should not interface with one another. Even with them being a separate field of study, they have no choice but to integrate. As Woodrow Wilson looked at how politics and administration were forming, he felt the importance of government employees conduct themselves in a professional business manner while ensuring their accountability of providing proper services to the people and not partake in political philosophies. Politics are aligned with elected officials who write and pass the policies to be implemented by government agencies which are then applied by civil servants. By achieving this responsibility, public sector employees are required to embrace the values and principles to ensure efficiency, legitimacy, and

To become a public administrator, you must have the ability to work with different people from different background, different age groups, and various economy classes. A Public administrator cannot be biased towards one group of people and turn around and be favorable towards the other. As an administrator, you have to be transparent to everybody that you encounter, even people that you will be working with, and people that you are working for. According to the publication, “Ethical Dilemmas in the Public Service,” by the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management, describes that the ethical issue that government officials face in any organization is nepotism and bias. The reason why this event occurs is that some of the individuals in the public administrative positions are not transparent in the workplace and are also influenced by personal gain.

It also shields administrators from scrutiny and serves the interests of elected officials who can pass responsibility for unpopular decisions to administrators. This strict separation of policy makers and service deliverers can lower the quality of governance and service. Then there is the topic of ethics. Neither professional standards nor individual conscience can be alone the framework for public administrative ethics but both are present. So, the downside of dichotomy is there would not be a flow of ideas and concerns between the politicians and the administrators.

Next, is administrative responsibility? Simply put this is a shared responsibility between public officials. Our officials need to determine a way in order lead without division of said responsibilities. This should be performed collectively and not just individually.

In conclusion, administrative discretion has its good points and bad. I do not think that all government power should have the discretion. As the people of the United States, we should take a moral and value poll towards the administrators within our government, or like a genuine lie detector