Pineal Gland Cell Tumors

Radiotherapy, also called radiation therapy, is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with radiation. Radiotherapy is used when the entire primary tumor cannot be surgically removed. Radiotherapy deposits energy

The primary ones include these types. Gliomas, the most common brain tumor involving the brain tissue. There are different grades and even types of gliomas. But if the tumor grade is higher, it will probably grow faster. Medullblastomas are brain tumors that in young children. Without treatment it will spread rapidly into the spinal fluid and other parts of the brain. But almost or half of the brain tumors found are benign. These types of brain tumors are usually Meningiomas and Neuromas. Meningiomas begin in the tissue membranes. Neuromas are in the nerves mostly in people over

One other treatment for lung cancer is radiation. Doctors can use radiation before surgery to shrink a tumor. After

ncidentaloma is a tumor that does not show any symptoms until it is discovered by some types of examinations that were not previously planed. Adrenal cortex, a part of the adrenal gland, is where most of the adrenal tumors develop. Adrenal cortex tumors can have either benign or cancerous properties.

Vestibular Schwannoma, or Auditory (Acoustic) Neuroma, is a slow growing benign tumor that arises from the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). Tumor growth is due to the an uncontrolled and over-production of Schwann Cells. Vestibular Schwannoma is very rare (usually one in 100,000 per year) and mostly affects people between ages 30 to 60 years old. Common symptoms of Vestibular Schwannoma include hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or balance problems (or even vertigo). Vestibular Schwannoma is noncancerous and a noninvasive tumor, but it could become life threatening if it grows larger due to its close proximity of the brain stem and the cerebellum. Facial weakness or paralysis and recurring headaches are symptoms of large tumor growth in the vestibular nerve.

Eosinophilic granular bodies or Rosenthal fibers are not observed within the tumor, a feature that helps distinguish it from pilocytic astrocytomas. Psammomatous calcifications and pseudoinclusions observed in meningioma have not been reported in pituicytomas prior to this case. The nuclei of pituicytomas are bland with a small nucleoli contrasting with the salt and pepper chromatin seen in pituitary adenomas, particularly prolactinomas (20). Macroscopically, pituicytomas are firm, rubbery, circumscribed masses that may be adherent to adjacent structures contrasting with pituitary adenomas which usually have a softer consistency with numerous cells exfoliating on touch preparation (20). Granular cell tumors are composed of polygonal to spindle cells with small eccentric nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli, PAS-positive diastase resistant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and occasional perivascular lymphocyte aggregates. Pituicytoma must also be differentiated from normal infundibulum which has looser texture, perivascular fibrillar zones, is rich in axons and has occasional PAS positive herring bodies. However, the present case illustrates that uncommon histomorphologic features including dilated epithelial cysts, striking papillary formations and psammomatous calcifications can be observed within this rare

Craniopharyngiomas usually emerge in the infundibulo-hypophyseal axis of the sella and suprasellar region occupies the suprasellar cisterns, however may extend in any direction. The horizontal extension of the tumor may be anteriorly into the pre-chiasmatic cistern and sub-frontal space, may extend laterally into the sub-temporal space, or may extend posteriorly into the prepontine and interpeduncular cisterns, cerebellopontine angle and then to the foramen magnum. 7 However, rarely extensive tumors may extend anteriorly in the pre-chiasmatic cistern and posteriorly into the 3rd ventricle and down along the clivus. Approximately 4 % of the cases have posterior fossa extension. 2,6

Medullary thyroid cancer is 3% to 4% of all thyroid cancers. These tumors usually present in the form of mass in the neck or thyroid associated with lymphadenopathy and they may be diagnosed through screening family members. MTC can be diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy method. Cytology reveals hyper cellular tumors with spindle-shaped cells and poor adhesion. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is cancer of the thyroid gland that starts in cells and releases a hormone known as calcitonin. These cells are also known as "C" cells. The thyroid gland is located inside the front of the lower neck. The cause of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is unfamiliar. Surgery is required for treatment to remove the thyroid gland and surrounding lymph nodes. As this is an unknown tumor,

Superior and posterior spread :The superior and posterior aspects of the nasopharynx are made by the base of skull and the first two cervical vertebral bodies. Superior extension of NPC can result in erosion of the base of skull, the sphenoid sinus and the clivus. There are multiple foramina within the base of skull serving as the portals for entry into the cranium. The tumor can gain access to the cavernous sinus and the middle cranial fossa invading II–VI cranial nerves through the foramen lacerum, which is located immediately above the fossa of Rosenmuller. The tumor can gain access to the middle cranial fossa, the petrous temporal bone and the cavernous sinus through the foramen ovale. Posterior extension of NPC can result in direct

The age of onset and diseases associated allow prediction of transformation5. Larger lesions with a later onset typically remain stable, especially if the subject is over 25 years old5. It’s expected that if the lesion is recorded at a young age, it may go under small changes and enlarge5. Retinal astrocytic hamartomas can be a congenital or acquired finding. It is a common finding with a systemic diseases such as tuberous sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, or neurofibromatosis1. Systemic disorders will typically result in bilateral and multiple astrocytic hamartomas ,whereas idiopathic findings in a normal person will often result in unilateral and single lesions1,4.

Mediastinal tumors are best characterized by the compartment in which they originate. Malignant tumors of the anterior mediastinum are frequently due to lymphoma. Malignant tumors of the middle mediastinum are usually due to adenopathy from lymphoma or leukemia. Tumors of the posterior mediastinum are usually of neurogenic origin; with neuroblastoma being the most common (McCarville, 2010).

Schwannoma also called as neurilemmoma was first described by Verocay in 1908 [1,2].It is a slow growing benign tumor arising from the schwann cells of nerve sheath.It is solitary and encapsulated tumor which can arise from any nerve with two notable exceptions the optic and olfactory nerves both of which lack Schwann cell encasement hence are not involved [3]. Approximately 25–45% of all schwannomas occur in the head and neck region [4].Most commonly affected nerve by schwannoma is the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve (acoustic neurinomas) [2,,5 ,6] .Schwannomas are rarely found perorally (only 1%) with tongue being the most common peroral structure involved [3,7,8].It has no predilection for sex or race and it is usually seen between the third and sixth decades of life[9].Schwannoma tongue

     Radiation is another type of treatment. Radiation therapy uses a special machine to deliver high energy rays that damage cancer cells and stop then from growing. These rays may be detected in the entire body, or they may be focused on certain area where leukemia cells are collecting.( Disease facts and statistics, 30)

Several methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been used to treat cancers. The cancer patients who are not helped

In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.