Pink Salmon Case Study

The following results helped obtain the haplogroup that in which the sequence of mtDNA would identify. The PCR reaction worked, and this can be determined by looking at the agarose gel in figure 1. If the PCR reaction was successful, than a band should appear around 550bp. Individual AC displays a band around 550bp, this means the PCR reaction was successful. The band for individual AC, depicts a low concentration of product, because the band faint. After the purification process the concentration, A260/280 ratio, and A260/A230 ratio were determined by using the nanodrop. The concentration of mtDNA in the product was 60.9 ng/uL. The ratio for A260/280 was 1.79 and the ratio for A260/230 was 0.77. The A260 and 280 are a spectrometer measurement that measure absorbance at wavelengths of

As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium ion.

20 ul of DNA was added to 20ul of Master Mix. The Master Mix contained primers, dNTPs, Mg2+, Taq DNA polymerase, and yellow dye. Both the DNA and Master Mix were mixed with the micropipette. The DNA was then put into the thermal cycler containing 40 cycles of PCR amplification, amounting to 3.5 hours of amplification.

as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important quality parameter for salmon.

Prior NPRB projects have laid an important foundation outlining the effects climate change on Pink salmon in Alaska. A previous study has detailed the influence that biological, environmental and genetic factors had on the timing of Pink salmon migration (PI: Tallmon, project 1110), allowing us to support these data by testing, in a laboratory setting, the relative influence of specific climate change-related stressors on developmental rate, affecting out migration timing. Understanding environmental factors that influence overall performance of a species is critical to determining the susceptibility of that species to shifting habitat conditions. The proposed research will fill a gap of understanding regarding Pink salmon’s specific sensitivity

The DNA extraction results, along with the PCR product, did not fare well. There was not enough product produced to be viable in the later stages of the experiment, so a backup was used in place of the original product.

There were several steps used to acquire the colony necessary for the PCR. First a student forearm was swabbed using a cotton swab, the cells were then placed in an agar plate. DNA was then extracted from the cultured bacteria by using a technique to lyse the cells and solubilize the DNA, then enzymes were used to remove contaminating proteins. The DNA extraction consisted of a lysis buffer that contained high concentrations of salt for denaturing. Binding with the use of ethanol and a washing step to purify the DNA. The final step for the DNA extraction was elution where the pure DNA was release. Proceeding the extraction of DNA the results of the 16s gene amplification were examined through gel electrophoresis it was analyzed by estimating the size of the PCR bands with marker bands. After measuring the success of the extraction, a technique called TA cloning was started. Cloning of PCR products was done by using partially purified amplified products with

In the article “Changes at Snake River dams helping Idaho sockeye salmon” it states that “an unusual combination of low water and an extended heat wave pushed water temperatures past 70 degrees, lethal for cold-water sockeye.” I have a very strong connection to fishing and I hate it when fish die for no good reason or because of a manmade structure. A report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said “One of the factors contributing to the deaths of sockeye salmon was “fallback,” a tendency of fish to successfully climb a dam’s fish ladder but then, running into warm water, decide to go back downstream, often via a dam’s spillway or through the turbines.” This reminds me of the time I was fishing near a small dam and caught

DNA barcoding uses standard genetic markers to compare DNA sequences among existing species by scanning for polymorphisms in standard sequences to differentiate between species (Hartvig, 2015). It is effective in differentiating between phenotypically similar species and is applicable to all organisms of life (Dudu, 2016). For DNA barcoding, the DNA is isolated from a sample and standard genetic markers are amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A polymorphism is differences in DNA sequence that accumulate over time (Albert, 2011). The main source of mutations occurs during DNA replication and, thus mutations can be inherited. When the frequency of the mutation increases, it can become fixed in a lineage (Albert, 2011). Polymorphisms can indicate common ancestry among individuals by comparing standardized sequences across a species (Stoneking, 2001). Specifically, one region in the

What if the food you were eating right now was not what you thought it was? Instead of being grown like that rest of your food, taking a certain length of time or only growing during certain seasons, it was genetically modified to grow faster and with no consideration to season at all. This concept as farfetched as it may sound is not so farfetched after all with the production of genetically modified GM salmon trying to make its way into our fishers markets and grocery stores today. This process has been going on for almost 20 years, being done to crops and animals alike, however, GM salmon will be the first commercial GM food animal to hit the American market. However, with first come questions such as “what is the difference between

The researchers used shot-gun sequencing which is a technique that uses smaller fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that are reassembled into one sequence by looking for regions of overlap. All of the 3.6M reads, were first trimmed for 99% accuracy for all known organisms then characterized with Sequence-based

I would oppose the proposal because of many reasons. First of all, Aqua Wonder have had failed operations, and this would risk the whole marine life; this also means loss of ecosystems. Plus if a salmon catches a disease, then it can spread amongst other life, which can cause bioaccumulation in the food chain. Not only that a new species of salmon is introduced, Atlantic salmons, it can be an invading species which competes with wild salmon for resources and it can disrupt the food chain. Also the construction will cause harm and will destroy the natural habitats, in that process. Secondly, the food that will be ate won’t be natural but instead it will have chemicals involved. By having aquaculture chemicals will be added to make the fish

Results showed that all six consensus sequences were 100 % identical All six MinION sequences from both independent MinION run alignment using this method contained near identical phylogenetic tree topologies (Table 7, Figure 3) and assigned the expected genotype with up to 99.86 % identity.

The first step in the design of species–specific primers is to choose the suitable gene for the organism of interest, and then collect the reference sequence from GenBank and align them in corresponding alignment software. A conservation region among sentences is founded and primers are designed incorporating conservation region with few mismatches in forward and reverse primers. These mismatches are crucial to discriminate between similar species. Afterward, primers are tested on target organism tissue in the laboratory environment and in situ.

The DNA Barcoding is becoming more popular in the present times due to its accuracy in the identification of different species. It has been approved to be more accurate than other taxonomic methods. The DNA Barcoding employs in the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to magnify the COI gene. The amplified COI genes of the organisms are sequenced and compared with a known database of the organisms. The DNA Barcoding aids in understanding many characteristics of the species. These characteristics of the species include; trophic interactions, species boundaries, conservation of the biodiversity and functional feature of evolution (Kress et al. 1). Biologists use DNA Barcodes to single out an unknown species by matching a particular genetic marker to a reference genetic database. DNA Barcode can be one or short sequences of the genes taken from the standardized genome (Nagy et al. 2). This paper discusses the use of DNA Barcoding to determine the prohibited parrot trade.