Pink Salmon Case Study

as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important quality parameter for salmon.

As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium ion.

Therefore the ratio of A260/230 is the concentration of DNA/ the concentration of other containments (Wilfinger). From these values one can determine that the sequencing process was successful. These values displayed that the sequencing reaction worked, but did not give the desired results and did not have a concentrated product. The amount of the DNA sample and water had to be adjusted in the tube that was going to be sent to the Cornell lab. The amount that was supposed to be used was 1.5ul of mtDNA. This value was determined by 100ng of DNA required x volume of DNA in ul divided by the concentration of DNA. The instructor simply advised to double the amount of mtDNA that would be placed in the tube. The volume of DNA used was 3uL, and the volume of sterile water used was 13.4uL. The volume of the primer used was 1.6uL(which was not adjusted). Figure 2 displays the reverse complement of the mtDNA that was obtained from the Cornell lab sequencing the mtDNA sent to them. This was then used to compare it with the CRS mtDNA. Figure 3 displays the aliment of the CRS and the revers compliemt of the mtDNA sent to the Cornell

An endangered species is a species of either plant or animal that is in serious risk of becoming extinct. This name became connected with the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in 1994 after being petitioned to be put on the list for nine years (NOAA). There are two main reasons behind the endangerment of the Chinook salmon: over exploration, and dams. Since the times of the Native Americans, Chinook salmon have been highly sought after as a food source. Since then the salmon have experienced great amounts of overfishing. Along with water demands which has resulted in overuse of water and diversion of water had affected spawning sites and loss of habitat putting further strain on their habitats (National Wildlife Federation).

In the article “Changes at Snake River dams helping Idaho sockeye salmon” it states that “an unusual combination of low water and an extended heat wave pushed water temperatures past 70 degrees, lethal for cold-water sockeye.” I have a very strong connection to fishing and I hate it when fish die for no good reason or because of a manmade structure. A report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said “One of the factors contributing to the deaths of sockeye salmon was “fallback,” a tendency of fish to successfully climb a dam’s fish ladder but then, running into warm water, decide to go back downstream, often via a dam’s spillway or through the turbines.” This reminds me of the time I was fishing near a small dam and caught

Prior NPRB projects have laid an important foundation outlining the effects climate change on Pink salmon in Alaska. A previous study has detailed the influence that biological, environmental and genetic factors had on the timing of Pink salmon migration (PI: Tallmon, project 1110), allowing us to support these data by testing, in a laboratory setting, the relative influence of specific climate change-related stressors on developmental rate, affecting out migration timing. Understanding environmental factors that influence overall performance of a species is critical to determining the susceptibility of that species to shifting habitat conditions. The proposed research will fill a gap of understanding regarding Pink salmon’s specific sensitivity

The average period of time that sockeye salmon live in the wild is 4 to 5 years. The oldest salmon that was caught was 8 years of age. Usually sockeye salmon die after mating (“Longevity, aging and life history of Oncorhynchus nerka”, 2009; Groot, 1966)One thing about sockeye salmon that is special and unique about them is that they swim in runs when migrating to freshwater streams to spawn. They additionally establish gregarious hierarchies, conventionally at times of reproduction. The most astronomically immense male is most ascendant (Crutchfield and Pontecorvo, 1969; Quinn, 2005). The predators of sockeye salmon are considered to be bears, lake trout, squawfish, mountain whitefish, and birds such as mew gull. Humans additionally consume a considerable about sockeye salmon.

There were several steps used to acquire the colony necessary for the PCR. First a student forearm was swabbed using a cotton swab, the cells were then placed in an agar plate. DNA was then extracted from the cultured bacteria by using a technique to lyse the cells and solubilize the DNA, then enzymes were used to remove contaminating proteins. The DNA extraction consisted of a lysis buffer that contained high concentrations of salt for denaturing. Binding with the use of ethanol and a washing step to purify the DNA. The final step for the DNA extraction was elution where the pure DNA was release. Proceeding the extraction of DNA the results of the 16s gene amplification were examined through gel electrophoresis it was analyzed by estimating the size of the PCR bands with marker bands. After measuring the success of the extraction, a technique called TA cloning was started. Cloning of PCR products was done by using partially purified amplified products with

DNA barcoding uses standard genetic markers to compare DNA sequences among existing species by scanning for polymorphisms in standard sequences to differentiate between species (Hartvig, 2015). It is effective in differentiating between phenotypically similar species and is applicable to all organisms of life (Dudu, 2016). For DNA barcoding, the DNA is isolated from a sample and standard genetic markers are amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A polymorphism is differences in DNA sequence that accumulate over time (Albert, 2011). The main source of mutations occurs during DNA replication and, thus mutations can be inherited. When the frequency of the mutation increases, it can become fixed in a lineage (Albert, 2011). Polymorphisms can indicate common ancestry among individuals by comparing standardized sequences across a species (Stoneking, 2001). Specifically, one region in the

What if the food you were eating right now was not what you thought it was? Instead of being grown like that rest of your food, taking a certain length of time or only growing during certain seasons, it was genetically modified to grow faster and with no consideration to season at all. This concept as farfetched as it may sound is not so farfetched after all with the production of genetically modified GM salmon trying to make its way into our fishers markets and grocery stores today. This process has been going on for almost 20 years, being done to crops and animals alike, however, GM salmon will be the first commercial GM food animal to hit the American market. However, with first come questions such as “what is the difference between

When fish like salmon are farmed, often the fish are still kept in the ocean; however, they live inside of nets so that they are still contained. There are many ethical arguments based around these net systems because these nets pose threats to wild salmon. Captive salmon can escape from the nets, which allows them to breed with wild salmon. This can disrupt the natural gene pool of wild salmon. Farmed salmon have been shown to outgrow wild salmon when introduced into the wild, and typically have higher mortality rates, which would be poor traits to be introduced into the wild gene pool, (Hindar, et al., 2006). Unfortunately, with the invasive farmed salmon being introduced to wild populations from escapees of net systems, the recovery of the original wild salmon is unlikely, even if decades went by without more intrusive farmed salmon being present, (Hindar, et al., 2006). Another problem is that the nets do not contain wastes from the captive salmon inside, wastes such as uneaten feed, and feces from the fish are dispersed into the open waters of the ocean. Wild salmon can contract infections and parasites from captive farmed salmon in nets. A study indicated that these parasites, such as sea lice, and infections lead to high mortality rates in wild salmon passing near

The researchers used shot-gun sequencing which is a technique that uses smaller fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that are reassembled into one sequence by looking for regions of overlap. All of the 3.6M reads, were first trimmed for 99% accuracy for all known organisms then characterized with Sequence-based

Results showed that all six consensus sequences were 100 % identical All six MinION sequences from both independent MinION run alignment using this method contained near identical phylogenetic tree topologies (Table 7, Figure 3) and assigned the expected genotype with up to 99.86 % identity.

The DNA Barcoding is becoming more popular in the present times due to its accuracy in the identification of different species. It has been approved to be more accurate than other taxonomic methods. The DNA Barcoding employs in the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to magnify the COI gene. The amplified COI genes of the organisms are sequenced and compared with a known database of the organisms. The DNA Barcoding aids in understanding many characteristics of the species. These characteristics of the species include; trophic interactions, species boundaries, conservation of the biodiversity and functional feature of evolution (Kress et al. 1). Biologists use DNA Barcodes to single out an unknown species by matching a particular genetic marker to a reference genetic database. DNA Barcode can be one or short sequences of the genes taken from the standardized genome (Nagy et al. 2). This paper discusses the use of DNA Barcoding to determine the prohibited parrot trade.

The first step in the design of species–specific primers is to choose the suitable gene for the organism of interest, and then collect the reference sequence from GenBank and align them in corresponding alignment software. A conservation region among sentences is founded and primers are designed incorporating conservation region with few mismatches in forward and reverse primers. These mismatches are crucial to discriminate between similar species. Afterward, primers are tested on target organism tissue in the laboratory environment and in situ.