Pink Salmon Research Paper

Salmon- large popular game fish, liked for their pink flesh, live in sea but come to freshwater to spawn.

Prior NPRB projects have laid an important foundation outlining the effects climate change on Pink salmon in Alaska. A previous study has detailed the influence that biological, environmental and genetic factors had on the timing of Pink salmon migration (PI: Tallmon, project 1110), allowing us to support these data by testing, in a laboratory setting, the relative influence of specific climate change-related stressors on developmental rate, affecting out migration timing. Understanding environmental factors that influence overall performance of a species is critical to determining the susceptibility of that species to shifting habitat conditions. The proposed research will fill a gap of understanding regarding Pink salmon’s specific sensitivity

Introduction: The Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the family Salmonidae and are a char native to Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Montana and western Canada. Compared to other salmonids, bull trout have more specific habitat requirements that appear to influence their distribution and abundance (USFWS, 2015). Bull trout were historically regarded as pests due to their voracious predatory behavior. It was thought that bull trout depleted populations of “more desirable” game fish by feeding on them when they were very small thus supposedly depleting the numbers. In fact at one point there was a bounty placed on bull trout tails in Canada to encourage fisherman to rid the waters of this “Bully,” which effectively eliminated them from certain watersheds (Donald, D. B., and D. J. Alger. 1993). At one time in the early 1900’s the Bull Trout thrived in the waterways of the Northwest. The Upper Snake Recovery Unit for the Bull trout occurs within central Idaho, northern Nevada, and eastern Oregon. Major drainages include: the Salmon River, Malheur River,

The average period of time that sockeye salmon live in the wild is 4 to 5 years. The oldest salmon that was caught was 8 years of age. Usually sockeye salmon die after mating (“Longevity, aging and life history of Oncorhynchus nerka”, 2009; Groot, 1966)One thing about sockeye salmon that is special and unique about them is that they swim in runs when migrating to freshwater streams to spawn. They additionally establish gregarious hierarchies, conventionally at times of reproduction. The most astronomically immense male is most ascendant (Crutchfield and Pontecorvo, 1969; Quinn, 2005). The predators of sockeye salmon are considered to be bears, lake trout, squawfish, mountain whitefish, and birds such as mew gull. Humans additionally consume a considerable about sockeye salmon.

The life cycle of the Atlantic salmon begins in late October when rivers are just cool enough to begin production of the new salmon. The female starts by digging a small nest called a redd in the bottom gravel area of a stream. Redd’s are dug out of the gravel in a way that allows a clean flow and plenty of oxygen to be received by the growing fish. The male salmon then projects their milt (sperm) onto the redd to fertilize the egg. With swift

In the article “River Plan Too Fishy for my Taste Buds,” it states that “Salmon need clear, cool, highly oxygenated water to thrive - a description that hasn’t fit the San Joaquin since the 1940s,” (Bill McEwen). Since the salmon need specific living conditions, it is going to be hard for them to live in general, especially if the place does not suit their needs. Recently, similar things have been said about the salmon as well. For example, in Grossi’s article, he states “Salmon, a cold - water fish, may not survive in this part of California as the climate warms…,” (Time for Next turnaround on San Joaquin River). Not only does the San Joaquin river not have suitable living conditions for the salmon, but it is also located in an area that they may not survive in. The problem is, the salmon need to many things to survive, and the San Joaquin does not suit any of these

Salmon hatcheries have been operated for a variety of purposes throughout their its history in this region, from harvest augmentation, to mitigation of habitat destruction, to conservation and preservation of native populations. Despite this long history, we are only just beginning to understand how hatchery-raised fish interact with and effect wild populations of salmon. Research shows that captive-bread salmon impact wild salmon in a variety of ways, from competing with them directly for resources, to reducing the fitness of wild populations through interbreeding between wild fish and less-fit hatchery fish. These findings have serious implications for the hatchery industry, and as the focus of hatchery operation switches from augmentation

There are many risks associated with eating farm-raised salmon versus wild- caught salmon. One risk that farm raised salmon faces is contaminants that can lead to cancer. Farm raised salmon are placed in artificially made bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, and salt water and within these bodies of water, contaminants such as PCBs can be present. Cancer causing chemicals can be present in both the water, farm-raised salmon swims in, and the food they eat. Another risk with farm-raised salmon is the use of antibiotics in order to keep the fish healthy. This unknown amount of antibiotics used on the fish can lead to a resistance to the antibiotic used to kill the bacteria’s in both human and the salmon. The humans that are consuming the fish that possess these antibiotics are unintentionally

Salmon are semelparous animals, meaning they only spawn once in a lifetime. The fish then quickly deteriorate and die. Not being able to adapt to the freshwater after being in the saltwater ocean for so long.

Herring and Salmon populations are low overall. The Prince Reupert Herirng stock is moderate in abundance, while the Haida Gwaii stock has shown little improvement for the past ten years, The Central Coast Herring stock numbers are at a record low in abundance. Sockeye Salmon population has been consistently declining since the 1990’s due to the dangerous nature of their route of migration of this species through to the Gulf of Alaska. Groundfish stock tends to vary from year to year. The decline in dissolved oxygen in these areas has shown to affect distribution. Groundfish stocks are improving overall, but those of shorter life spans (ie. flat fish) show much greater improvement then those with longer life spans (ie. rockfish).

The Salmonidae family is a variety of coldwater fish species that are primarily found in bodies of water where cold temperatures are maintained. Like all other species in the Salmonidae family, the trout is one species that require special care and parameters to secure its level of fitness and survival. Trout Unlimited is an organization that works cooperatively with Pennsylvania’s Fish and Boat Commission to protect and manage the streams, in which the trout occupy. The three utmost imperative aspects of the streams that are maintained include the stream's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Although it possesses aspects that aren’t excellent, the Cacoosing Creek is a satisfying location to support a healthy trout population.

Ten juveniles were caged in different locations across three years and their length and weight recorded every week. The premise of this approach was that the muscle 13C would provide information about the source of carbon fueling the juvenile Chinook salmon muscle growth if they remained in each site long enough to reflect local food sources rather than hatchery fish feed products. As Chinook salmon are anadromous fish, the carbon isotope ratios of juvenile muscle tissues are influenced by maternal sources enriched in marine-based isotopes ratios relative to most freshwater energy sources (Doucett et al. 1999). Differences in salmonid allochthony among locations and years may have resulted from differences in age of the fish used in the experiment. These differences in

Anadromy in salmonids: a look at the biological changes and adaptations conferring the ability to transition between freshwater and seawater

Global warming and climate change bring about dramatic changes in the ocean physiology. With greenhouse gases, particularly CO2 concentrations, increasing faster than ever we face global warming and thereby climate change: As the earth 's temperature rises, the oceans do not remain unchanged. Warm water holds less oxygen, and with the oceans getting progressively warmer, they are losing their ability to hold oxygen forming Oxygen Minimum zones (OMZs). These OMZs are inhabitable by most aquatic animals due to their oxygen limitations and disrupts

Fish in an estuarine environment would in all likelihood be presented to continuous changes in saltiness, as opposed to sudden changes, as displayed in direct exchange poisonous quality tests (Bringolf et al., 2005). Some fish can adapt to higher salinities with steady increments in salinity than with direct move into salty waters (Eddy, 1981; Chervinski, 1984; Anyanwu, 1991; Bringolf et al., 2005; Sardella et al., 2007)