Pinus Taeda History

In William Cronon’s book Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, he discuses the ecological history of New England from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century. He demonstrates how the New Englanders changed the land by illustrating the process of the change in the landscape and the environment. In the Preface Cronon states, “My thesis is simple: the shift from Indian to European dominance in New England entailed important changes—well known to historians—in the ways these people organized their lives, but it also involved fundamental reorganizations—less well-known to historians—in the region's plant

Every forest has a story to tell. By looking closely at its habitants, that story can be interpreted. Much of this narrative is written in the trees: their age, their tolerance to shade, and the rate at which they grow are all characteristics that can imply a lot about their environment. Exploring these relationships and how they connect with each other can indicate the health and history of the land. Heiberg Forest, located in northern New York, was once used for agricultural purposes in the 1800-1900’s. (Nowak, Lecture Notes) Much of the land once used for farming was left to regrow back into a young forest. The life history of different tree species can be determined by examining the most common species in Heiberg.

Farmers needed strong animals such as oxen and horses to pull the plows on the ground to make the land farmable. As a result to the wet and dry temperatures, grasshoppers would feast on the limited amount of crops grown on the farms. “This year we had another very dry season resulting in the light crops on which the grasshoppers came down by multiplied millions…the grasshoppers came I such swarms that they looked in the distance like fast-gathering rain clouds flying through the air... the grain was completely hid from sight… the grasshoppers would take meat, bread and other things from the table” (13). The houses on the farms that were made of sod were not very stable and attracted bugs. The bugs lived in the sod walls and roof. “In moving into all kinds of houses we find that all kinds of insects that prey upon human blood. One house we found… the bugs sailed out upon us by the hundreds… we killed more the two hundred besides the many we had deprived of life before beginning to count” (13). The living conditions of the newly relocated families were unimaginable. The limited food they were able to grow due to the inclement weather was eaten by grasshoppers, and the unstable sod houses were infested with bugs. The farmer’s lives were made easier by the extreme investment by the United States government in the railroad industry. This way their crops could be shipped to different parts of the

Insecticides have been used to try to control the emerald ash borer. However, there are guidelines for the use of these chemicals. There is a per acre use limit which means that all ash trees in the same area can be treated more than once in a year with the same chemical. Before treating an area one should pro-rate the acre use limit to match the size of the treatment area in order to control the concentration of the chemicals being used. Insecticides used against the borer may be soil applied, trunk injected and cover sprays. The soil applied treatment has been tested and has proved to be very inconsistent. Therefore, environmental activists concerned about the use of insecticides moved towards using a trunk injected treatment, but this has too been proven inconsistent in their trials. Cover sprays, however, seem to be providing mediocre results. While this treatment

Fire has long been understood to have an impact on the ecosystem of our native woodlands, but it is only recently that we have come to understand its importance in maintaining the ecosystem. This report takes samples of the flora structure and growth in two different areas of Anstey Hill Recreation Park. The first was last burnt in 1995, and the second burnt in 2012. The results of these samples can be compared to data sampled in 2011, when the 2012 burnt area had not been burnt since Ash Wednesday in 1983.

The topography of the island is also of note. The west end of the island features a closed-canopy forest with more hardwood trees. The east end of the island is better characterized as a “boreal forest,” a term used to describe regions that are mostly covered by coniferous forests. It is good to note that the balsam fir is found on both ends of the island, but that samples used in the study from the west end of the island were, on average, older, but shorter, than those samples found on the east side of the island.

The ancient forests of the Northeast aren’t the only aspect of the bioregion that’s fate have been at perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for “60% of the total land area, and in New England alone, the coverage is 80%”. Still the species that exist within the understory of the forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the introduction of non-native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the forests have changed drastically as an example, “…the American chestnut once made up as much as 25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern forests”. The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

The red necked cane borer, Agrilus ruficollis (F.), is a buprestid beetle that infests wild and cultivated blackberries and raspberries in the eastern states from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Adults are about 6-7 mm (1/4 inch) long, with an iridescent coppery pronotum. A related species, Agrilus rubicola, may occur concurrently. This species is uniform in color, ranging from copper-colored to iridescent green. On galled plants, there is less live vegetative growth and more dead wood. There is often reduced berry size and number, as well as vegetative growth with increasing number of galls per plant. Affected canes may not produce fruit. Canes weakened by galls are more subject to winter injury.

Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) most likely came to the United States through solid wood shipments from Asia, and has established its habitat in 25 states - including Georgia - and two Canadian provinces. The female lays eggs and the cream-colored larvae chew tunnels through the wood. The adults are shiny green beetles about a half inch in length and burrow through the wood. Symptoms of EAB infestation in a tree include vertical

The boll weevil was a small insect that fed off of the stems and leaves of the cotton plant, terrorizing the fields of cotton farmers in Georgia. The Great Depression and WW2 also contributed to the decline of cotton growth. Farmers were driven from the south to cities in the north by their need to make money and the amount of acres used to grow cotton declined. Insecticides were often used to get rid of weevils, but were not always successful. The boll weevils stayed for many years until 1987, when a program was started in order to permanently rid Georgia of the boll weevil. The program proved to be moderately successful and by 1990 it was

Especially in the Flint Hills, the careful yearly smoldering of endless territories of tallgrass prairie connected with serious, early steers eating in May, June, and July leaves few spots for ground settling fowls like prairie chickens to effectively settle. Greater prominent prairie chicken populaces in the Flint Hills have declined altogether since this touching framework got to be boundless. Be that as it may, less successive smoldering, in a perfect world once in 3 years or twice in 5 years, is basic to the strength of the prairie and for prairie chickens. Perhaps a greater genuine risk to greater prominent prairie chickens and other meadow winged animals is the spread of intrusive trees like eastern red cedar, Osage orange, and others into parts of our Kansas prairies ( read greater: Tree Invasion). Humorously, this has come about because of too little use of controlled smoldering in a few districts and from disappointment of area administrators to rapidly perceive and react to the danger tree intrusion stances to prairie, domesticated animals creation, and field untamed life (nature,

The MPB can inflict extensive damage to a pine forest when optimum factors of growth are met. The first of three main factors is, an overabundance of mature trees. The MPB will only bore into large diameter trees which are more prevalent since fire suppression has become a primary practice for forest management. Eliminating fires also provides a large quantity of host sites. Tree density is detrimental to forest health because interspecies competition for resources induces stress which makes more pines vulnerable to MPB attack. The final factor that has made the MPB such a

covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil. Produced high populations, like - Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee.

Haiti’s highlands, towards 1500 to 2000 meters, is occupied by a vas forest of Pinus occidentalis Sw., species generally considered as endemic in the island Hispaniola, but seems to be encountered sporadically in the east of Cuba’s mountains and accompanies by Pinus cubensis Griseb. The P. occidentalis (fig. 6) is a pine of three leaves, while the P. cubensis is a pine of two

The dynamics of the forests changed with the introduction of the Europeans. The frequent grass fires were eliminated after a hundred years of cattle and sheep grazing. This meant that brush was able to accumulate and more seedlings and fire intolerant trees were able to mature. The Europeans also utilized the wood resources that surrounded them. Extensive logging in areas, removed all the best Ponderosa pines leaving the area virtually clear-cut. This opened area allowed more seedlings and saplings to mature because there were no