Pioglitazone: III & IV Heart Failure

Adverse reactions to drugs are common and almost any drug can cause an adverse reaction.

Dosage should be reduced in patients with decreased hepatic function or diminished hepatic blood flow, (Older-adult patients; patients with cirrhosis, shock, or HF) to reduce toxicity. Furthermore, lidocaine is also contraindicated for patients with Strokes-Adams syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and severe degrees of SA, AV, or intraventricular block in the absence of electronic pacing. Moreover, one should be cautious when using lidocaine in patients with hepatic dysfunction or impaired hepatic blood flow. Also, note that lidocaine is contraindicated for patients with a history of serious allergic reactions to these drugs.

Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia

Some of the immediate physical complaints include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, lackluster hair, moodiness, insomnia, no menstruation, swollen glands, weight loss, sore throat, or dry skin. Some of the long-term effects include extreme weight loss, gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, loss of tooth enamel,

Some of the side effects are: Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue, weight gain, premature menopause and hair loss.

Short-term effects are increased respiration, rapid heart rate, decreased appetite, increased physical activity, irregular heartbeat, increased body temperature, and increased blood pressure (www.drugabuse.gov). The long-term effects include: skin sores, extreme weight loss, and severe dental problems, as well as higher risk of contracting infectious diseases (www.drugabuse.gov).

Are there any contraindications for this drug? Hypersensitivity, cross-sensitivity with other NSAID’s such as aspirin, history of allergic reactions, asthma, advanced renal disease, hepatic dysfunctions, perioperative pain.

The health issues listed here are just a glance at what this drug can do to one’s health.

memory loss, brain damage, breathing problems, reduced blood flow to the brain as well as a

It can also cause defects in the heart and spine, intellectual disability, delays in physical development, behavioral problems, and being impaired hearing and visually.

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

The prolonged use can cause adverse effects and cause antibiotic resistance and create “superbugs” as well as disrupt the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The other issue is that an accurate diagnosis needs to be found so that correct treatment can be followed8.

Zocor is the brand name of simvastatin, developed by an American company called Merck & Co. Originally, the research was done by a biochemist named Akira Endo in the Sankyo Company. This drug is now used to treat various lipid disorders and patients at high risk for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other patients

Captopril treats HBP and congestive heart failure “Captopril is an oral drug and a member of a class of drugs called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors” (Ogbru, 2014 ). “Administration of captopril results in a reduction of peripheral arterial resistance in hypertensive patients with either no change, or an increase, in cardiac output”