Pipeline Transport

Cabe señalar que nos encontramos en una economía global en donde se espera que, como mínimo, las inversiones deban rendir a la tasa libre de riesgo, que para efectos de valoración se considera la tasa de los tesoros de largo plazo. Además, debemos tener en cuenta el beta de la industria petrolera, el cual se puede calcular de las empresas de este sector que cotizan en bolsa. Así, con esto en mente, se pude hacer una valoración para determinar si al final se podrá tener la rentabilidad esperada arriba del 14%, que se exige Petrobras.

This pipeline, (still to this day), is used to bring oil from Alaska to the mainland states of America. The pipeline stretched hundreds of miles to bring Alaska's crude oil to other states. It wasn’t long after when Washington D.C. Leaders took interest in what else Alaska could provide the United States.

One of the most controversial issues faced nowadays is the way we deal with the transport of oil. One of the proposed methods is The Keystone XL Pipeline. Although there are some pros associated with building the pipeline, the risk outweighs the benefits by far. Building the Keystone XL pipeline would negatively affect the environment, jeopardize the public health and is to no benefit to the American people.

Each company blindly went into negotiations assuming their senior negotiators would be their best negotiators without taking into account the differences in personalities and culture. Sakari’s lead negotiator and vice-president, Kuusisto should have mitigated these concerns with the opposing Sakari management prior to the initial meetings. If these concerns were outlined with relevant solutions, then the potential of opposition of the deal would have been lessened. Items of Disagreements by both parties Equity ownership Both Nora and Sakari agreed to an initial investment of RM5 million to form the JV but disagreed on the equity share proposed by each side (273). Sakari proposed a 49 -51 percent split between itself and Nora to control the JV, however Nora countered with a 70-30 split between itself and Sakari based on the historical foreign equity regulation set by the Malaysian government. These negotiations were taken place in 2003; approximately 5 years after the Malaysian government adopted new regulations that did not employ these percentages any longer. Despite the new regulations, Nora appeared very inflexible. Each company had significant long-term equity ownership concerns which could have been mitigated if Nora would have negotiated further. Technology transfer Sakari wanted to protect their intellectual property (IP)

From Canada down to Texas is an awful large amount of ground for a pipe to cover, but, organizations such as TransCanada insist that there is a wealth of benefits to be had with the construction of the pipeline, both during and after construction.

Imagine yourself looking across a river, filled with birds, deer and a beaver. These animals are at peace and you are at peace with the ultimate certainty that all things will be right, healthy, and indestructible. Until the Northern Gateway Pipeline is built directly through the lake, disrupting not only you, but the environment, habitat and ecosystem.

What is the keystone pipeline and what does it do? The keystone pipeline is an oil pipeline that was commissioned in 2010. It runs from Alberta, Canada and then into refineries in Illinois and Texas and also to an oil pipeline center in Oklahoma. This pipeline is a critical project for the United States. The Pipeline consists of four phases. The first three phases have already been completed. The fourth phase failed to receive permits from the United States government in 2015. The project proposal for Phase IV from 2012 will be new 36-inch pipeline from Alberta and into Montana and then South Dakota to Nebraska. It will transport 830,000 barrels per day of crude oil to refineries in the Gulf Coast and other areas.

Pipeline is the best alternative and safest mode of transporting fuel compared to freight trains or tanker tracks. However, there are those who argue that it is not safe because of lack of adequate resources to inspect them, as well as the absence of regulations regarding the use of a pipeline to transport fuel. Equally important, another issue is the great hazard to human life and environment that can be difficult to control or eliminate in case of a spill.

Economist claim that since the United States depends on oil so much, this project would definitely be a huge asset to the country. Right now, oil is usually transferred using the railing system. There have been many accidents involving trains with oil, which have caused explosions, fire and in turn, death. Economists argue that the pipeline would be the safest way to transport the oil without the dangers of trains.

The Keystone XL pipeline is needed for the transportation of petroleum products and to help the great demand of petroleum products in the economy

The construction of pipelines means that companies would have to dig up ground, which could lead to several issues. The most notable issue of the oil pipelines is the destruction of the life cycle. Deforestation, homeless wildlife, and soil erosion are the main factors that would be greatly affected in the life cycle. (Williams, 2012). Although this issue is of great concern, there is not a more effective, efficient, and safer way to transport oil across the country. All other modes of transportation cause greater emissions of detrimental gases to the environment from the pulling of the heavy amounts of oil. Lastly, pipelines have valves that can block off spillages, while other methods have no possible way of stopping these spillages, causing the same environmental defects as the construction of the

Innovative thinkers and large minds of industry have decided that building a massive pipeline running through many rivers, cities, and one of the largest freshwater reserves in the United States is a good business idea. They will be able to transfer giant amounts of oil across a set distance very easily. This section from an informative website explains the project, "The Keystone XL Pipeline Project is a proposed 1,179-mile (1,897 km), 36-inch-diameter crude oil pipeline, beginning in Hardisty, Alta., and extending south to Steele City, Nebraska. It is intended to be a critical infrastructure project for the energy security of the United States and for strengthening the American economy."(TransCanada). These are factors of why building this pipeline will be useful. Many costs of transportation will be easily avoided and the time is takes will be shortened significantly.

The Dakota Access Pipeline has been the main focus of attention within the last year. To understand how and why this pipeline is at the heart of such heated debate, it is important to explain what the pipeline is for. The Dakota Access Pipeline is an underground pipe that is funded and paid for with TAXPAYERS MONEY and carries crude oil from North Dakota to Illinois. Crude oil is currently transported by way of railroads and trucks, which in recent times is noticeably becoming more problem some. The debate centers over how productive this pipeline will be and are the risks worth it. The suggested answer to this question is the benefits of this pipeline will not out way the risk. There are many factors that are given to support this point

Initially, there is the mode of land transportation. Roads, rails and pipelines fall under this category. These land logistics are very important because they extend the delivery services for air and water transport from airports and seaports. The main transport mode of land logistics are railway, road freight and pipeline transport. The advantage of railway transport is that it has carrying capacity and lower influences by weather conditions

Wisner 2011, states that pipeline carriers can only carry certain products, such as water, oil, natural gas and gasoline, there is little maintenance cost so in long term pipeline transportation is quite inexpensive.