Plant Cells : Occasion Homework

Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell and outside the nucleus. Chemical reactions are carried out in the cytoplasm.

Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.

Prokaryotic: (single cell)The plasma membrane encloses the cell, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell, and separating its interior from the external environment.

The body has two faces, the cis face which fuses with incoming transport vesicles, and the trans face which excretes the secretory vesicles. The cis face fuses with vesicles coming from the ER effectively from many directions due to its convex shape, whereas the concave trans face can direct the secretory vesicles to their destination. When fusing with the cis face, the transport vesicles release their proteins to be absorbed for modification. Each cisternal layer of the Golgi body holds different enzymes which each modify the passing proteins in separate ways. Between the layers the proteins are moved through the gaps by small vesicles. When a protein has been modified correctly, it leaves the Golgi body via secretory vesicles which then carry the modified proteins to the cell membrane or another organelle. The proteins that are transported to the cell membrane are either excreted from the cell, or absorbed into the membrane to aid with its function. Some of the secretory vesicles which hold hydrolytic enzymes stay within the cytoplasm and function as lysosomes.

They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosomes builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for production and packaging of lipids and steroids. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)

The organelle I have chosen is the cell wall. The analogy I will use is that the cell wall is like city/border wall. The wall allows for physical structure and also the ability to let things cross through its walls, such as other living organisms or inorganic products. The border/city wall has the choice to allow these things to pass or not to pass through this checkpoint. The ability to reject certain things from crossing allows the city (cell) to protect itself from contamination or pollution.

P1 – Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. A typical animal cell is seen as a tiny, three dimensional sac which is in fact made up of many components, each as important as the other. The microstructure of an animal cell was in fact uncovered mainly through the use of both cell fractionation and electron microscopy. Each main component has its own, individual function which helps a cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The components that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes.

Ribosomes are the structures in which proteins are made. Cells that are active in protein synthesis are often crowded with ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. Some ribosomes are attached to the membranes, and some are free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are among the smallest of organelles. They are no larger than 25 nanometers in diameter. A nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter.

The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes, and controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell. The mesosome is a tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane-bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis. The flagellum is a rigid rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by a H+ gradient across the membrane. A clockwise rotation drives the cell forwards, while an anticlockwise rotation causes a chaotic spin.

In order for cells and organisms to “live” they need to perform certain tasks such as produce energy through respiration, send messages, maintenance and reproduction. To enable the cell to do so, it contains within small structures called organelles, each organelle is different and carries out a specific function.

Peroxisomes A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation. 8. Nucleus It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include intermediary metabolism, growth, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division). 9.

Exosomes are membranous vesicles enclosed in lipid bilayers with diameter of 30-100nm and are responsible in carrying cytoplasmic proteins such as Rab proteins and actin-binding proteins and signal transduction molecules such as G-proteins and protein kinases, as well as some heat-shock proteins like Hsp70 and tetraspanins like CD9 [5-30]. Exosomal proteins can directly represent the specific profiles of their cells of origin, for

The cytoplasm is a semifluid in the plasma membrane. It is in all eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, this is where the chemical processes of the cell take place. In eukaryotic cells, this is where organelles perform their functions. Cellular respiration also takes place here. One of stages of cellular respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis is when glucose breaks down to form two pyruvates and 4 ATP. Its net result of 2 ATP is important for another process called the Krebs Cycle. This process is important because it begins cellular respiration. The cytoplasm also gives the cell its shape; without it, the cell would be “deflated” and substances would not be able to move throughout the cell. Organelles would have difficulty functioning too. It has been misunderstood that organelles float freely in the cytoplasm even

Much of this process is done by the Golgi apparatus, one of the essential organelles of a living cell. The Golgi complex contains a numerous number of these vesicles. These vesicles are then used to transport different molecules to the cellular membrane. At the cellular membrane, these vesicles are then excreted. Larger secretory that are found are used for selective excretion. Furthermore, the vesicles mediate the sorting of molecules because the Golgi apparatus is