Plant Life Chapter 38

In a plant’s life cycle, there are a few key details such as germination, growth, egg or sperm production, pollination, seed production and dispersal, and finally death. In the germination phase the seed sprouts after a certain exposure to light, temperature, and moisture (Pima Community College). In the growth stage the sprout turns into a mature plant, this is followed by the production of an egg or sperm and then pollinated by other pollen transferred by the wind or an animal. Next is the seed production when the embryo and endosperm get a seed coat to form a new seed, the dispersal of the seed occurs it is transferred from the parent by interaction with an animal. Finally death, it’s pretty obvious, death is when the plant dies.

The structures in the ovary that were identifiable were the ovule, placenta, and the funiculus. The function of the ovule would be that it is the place where female reproductive cells are made and contained, which will eventually develop into a seed after fertilization. The placenta arranges the ovules within the ovule, providing connection with ovary walls and nutrition to developing seeds, while the funiculus is a stalk that attaches an ovule or a seed to the

Asexual Propagation is the process of using plant materials such as the stems, leaves, and roots to multiply the number of plants. These plants eventually grow to be a brand new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant it came from. In several types of plants, asexual propagation is the fastest means of new plant growth. Asexual propagation is also a good way to maintain a plant species because they are genetically identical. In this process, adventitious roots are seen in the growing cycle. Adventitious roots are those that grow form parts of the plant that they normally would not grow from. The cuttings must do

4. What is it called when an egg from the female is withdrawn and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory for 2 to 3 days with subsequent implantation into the uterus?

According to The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, flowers, regardless of their diversity, all have a sole function; to reproduce (2017). There are two main organs that are involved in reproduction: the stamens and pistils. The stamen has spore cases (microsporangia) in which numerous microspores (potential pollen grains) can be developed. Fertilization can only occur through pollination; when the pollen grains from the anther is transferred to the stigma of a pistil. The two main types of pollination are self pollination and cross pollination. Self pollination also referred to as autogamy, is when a flower can fertilize itself because it has both female and male reproductive system. The most common type of pollination, however, is cross pollination. In cross pollination, a flower is

After the rate of mitotic division has slowed down, the blastomeres undergo dramatic movements wherein they change their positions relative to one another. This series of extensive cell rearrangements is called gastrulation, and the embryo is said to be in the gastrula stage. As a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains three germ layers: the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm.

The temperature is at 37˚ C and the gas mixture consists of 90% Ν₂, 5% Ο₂ and 5% CO₂. With these conditions the desired level of pH in the medium surrounding the oocytes is ensured. After incubation of two hours, the oocytes are evaluated microscopically regarding their maturation state. To investigate whether the oocytes collected are mature, the embryologist will observe one by one for the presence of the polar body. Mature oocytes are collected again and placed in the incubator until the time of

Now, imagine that instead of developing separately, these fertilized eggs actually fuse. Then only one baby would develop.

sperm as a superior and the egg as an expelling organ part. Moreover, the features of the egg and

The process of embryo transfer requires a dose of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) twice a day for four days towards the end of her estrus cycle to force them to super ovulate, or release more than one egg at a time. On average a donor cow will release five to six eggs at a time but other donors will release more than twenty. Once the donor cow comes into heat, the peak time for insemination to occur, a technician will artificially inseminate the cow with high quality semen multiple times due the increased number of eggs being released by the donor cow. After seven days the embryos will be flushed out and graded. (Embryo) The other method, In Vitro Fertilization, does not fertilize eggs inside of the donor cow, they are flushed out unfertilized and placed into petri dishes, where they are matured for 24 hours before insemination. Eggs are mixed with semen and then incubated for seven days, after which they are considered embryos and are ready for transfer to the recipient cow. (In

In Angiosperms, polyploidization is a common process that leads to the evolution and speciation of species (2 to 4% of speciation cases are related to chromosome doubling (Otto and Whitton, 2000)). Polyploidy corresponds to the process in which a cell has more than two pairs of the same chromosome. This process leads to profound genetic variation and consequently, phenology, reproduction, fitness, etc also change creating an opportunity to the species improvement or even a new species/cytotype formation (___)

2. Imagine oocytes as pallets of ice creams and the uterus as a freezer. Ice creams need a certain environment to remain solid. Unfortunately, our industrial

Animals reproduction takes many forms. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur in the animals’ kingdom. Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm. Many vertebrates reproduce asexually by fusion, separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size. Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females; this is the twofold cost of sexual reproduction and despite this, almost all eukaryotic species reproduce sexually. Sexual reproduction also results in genetic recombination, which provides potential advantages by increasing the variation in offspring, providing an increase in the reproductive success of parents in changing environment, the increase in the rates of adaption, and finally a shuffling of genes

The totipotent cells then turn into a blastocyst by many types of cell division, which forms a lot of cells in side.

Sex allocation refers to the amount of parental resources assigned to male versus female offspring in a sexually reproducing species {Charnov:1982wg, Brunet:1992fg,West:2010ws} and the extent of this allocation in the organism 's fitness. In angiosperms, the flowers are the reproductive organs, but opposite to most animals, the presence of male and female organs varies among species resulting in a large diversity of breeding systems. Those breeding systems are defined on the basis of the presence and fertility of male or female reproductive organs either in the same flower or in the same individual. Then, breeding systems can be categorized as monomorphic, when individuals have both male and female functions (hermaphroditism and