Pleural Intervention Essay

If the lymph nodes in the armpit or neck are enflamed then the procedure is simple, however if it is only the nodes in the chest a mediastinoscopy or a less common thoracotomy is required. This involves opening the chest, or in the case of thoracotomy the neck, so that the entire lymph may be taken out. To test the stage of the disease the following tests are available depending on preference and the position of the lymph nodes. A CT scan or Ultrasound shows lymph nodes in the stomach area, abnormalities in the liver or spleen problems. A lymphograph can detect pelvic and abdominal problems, bone marrow biopsy test the bone marrow as the Hodgkin’s disease often spreads to the marrow. A laparotomy involves the surgeon opening one’s abdomen to see the organs. At times the spleen is removed as it is often infected with Hodgkin’s disease and it being gone often helps with radiotherapy. Laparotomy is less frequent as scanning type tests are more often used. Liver biopsy tests the liver, this is only necessary in certain circumstances. A gallium scan entails an injection of gallium, and because of the way Hodgkin’s disease takes up gallium parts of the nodes which are otherwise difficult to see are visible. Blood tests are often done as well and new methods of testing are being developed. In any of these cases if a Reed-Sternberg cell is found

In our study: statistically, the extent of agreement between dynamic contrast MRI and histopathological staging was almost perfect (κ =0.880) and highly significant (P = 0.001), which is higher compared to the study done by Gupta N. and his colleagues on 60 patients, that resulted in good agreement equals (κ =0.690) and

Due, to the decreased lymphocyte, the immune system is interfered with causing inflammation and infection. When Hodgkin’s disease is suspected, a physician will use a staging system called Ann Arbor staging system to determine the extent of the disease. Stage I cancer is when one single lymph node is affected above the diaphragm, stage II is when two or lymph node are on the same side above the diaphragm, stage III cancer is when lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm are infected, and stage IV cancer is when the cancer affects vital organs. Based on, the evidence of the case study, the patient would be placed in a stage II category for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Based on the case study the patient prognosis looks good. The patient sought out medical attention in time to begin prompt treatment. Although, recovery may take some time, the patient should follow the physician orders and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Treatment for Hodgkin’s lymphoma stage I & II require chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery depending on the progression. “The success of cytotoxic/cytostatic therapy in this model varies depending on the therapy-related toxicity for each of the cell populations (Staege, 2015)”. The survival rate is well over 80% with early

Stage IV: it is clear that there is a wide spread of the tumor into other locations by using the lymph system

The assessment depended on the contrast-enhanced image captured by computed tomography. Though, the contrast-enhanced computed tomography image has a limited sensitivity in detecting the involvement of lymphoma in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and extra nodal tissues. CT Scan is also helpful in staging and re-staging of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma. It also has high sensitivity and specificity for the assessment of disease before treatment. The major disadvantage of CT scan is that its sensitivity extremely decreases in post-therapy assessment of disease and it cannot differentiate between masses, viable tumor, necrotic and scar

Patients with parapneumonic effusions and patients with a history of pleural effusions whose condition has deteriorated should be admitted

The PET scanning is particularly useful in detecting cancer because most cancer cells use more glucose than normal tissues. In lung cancer, pet scans are sometimes used to observe for cancer in particular areas such as the lymph nodes, in the chest or to demonstrate the spreading activity of cancer cells to other areas the body. This would help the doctor to take a further decision about the treatment of a

As treatments are improving over time, people with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma may have a better outlook than statistics show (9). These statistics are based upon the stage of cancer when it is diagnosed (9). They do not apply to cancers that later come back or spread (9). In general those with earlier stages of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma have a better survival rate, but the outlook for each person is specific to their circumstances (9). The survival rate for those diagnosed with stage I and stage II Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is 90 percent (9). Those diagnosed with stage III Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is about 80 percent and those with stage IV lymphoma is around 65 percent

In pleural effusion, there is an accumulation of extra fluid in the space between the parietal and visceral lining of the lungs. But, when there is a recurrence of severe pleural effusions in the patients of mesothelioma, doctors performs Pleurodesis. In Pleurodesis, the membranes around the lungs are fused together preventing the fluid upsurge in the pleural space. In this procedure, an irritant is introduced into the pleural space causing swelling that fastens the two membranes together. Henceforth, it prevents the repeated accrual of fluid in the chest cavity by permanently eliminating the space between the two pleura.

Pleuritis treatment tailored to the underlying conditions. If it is caused by a virus, usually drugs are not needed and pleuritis will heal by itself within a few days with enough rest. If pleuritis caused by bacteria, then antibiotics treatment series is recommended. Antibiotics can be given in the form of oral, injection, or a combination of different types of antibiotic, depending upon the severity of the symptoms. Sometimes a doctor will refer the patient to the hospital if there are symptoms that are considered severe.

Once a paraneoplastic etiology is strongly suspected, a careful search for the underlying neoplasm is mandatory. If detailed history taking, thorough physical examination and high resolution computed tomography (CT) of chest, abdomen and pelvis do not show a primary tumor, whole body positron-emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT may be the best screening method for locating the occult cancer(Patel et al. 2008). Besides, the type of antibody and paraneoplastic syndrome may suggest a specific underlying tumor and indicate more directed diagnostic tests, such as mammography (or MRI) when breast cancer is suspected.

Researchers reviewed a total of 285 fourth and subsequent follow-up PET/CT. All the follow-up scans were performed within about 13 years of the original scans. The number of follow-up scans per patient ranged from 4 to 28 scans. Sixty-one (71.8%) patients had 4 to 6 follow up scans. Seventeen patients (20%) had 7 to 10 follow-up scans; 9 patients (10.6%) had more than 10 follow-up scans. A total of 112 scans were performed as the seventh follow-up scan or later. Of the 285 follow-up scans, 54 (48.2%) scans were performed for routine follow-up; 24 (21.4%) scans were done for posttreatment assessment of either chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical resection, or radiofrequency ablation instituted for disease recurrence; 7 (6.3%) scans were performed as part of mid chemotherapy response assessment; 14 (12.5%) scans were performed as follow-up of previously PET-positive findings; 9 (8%) scans were performed as follow-up of previously PET-indeterminate findings; 2 (1.8%) scans were performed for evaluation of a paraneoplastic syndrome; and 2 (1.8%) scans were performed for evaluation of clinically identified disease

In this study, we have presented the data of 40 patients who were divided into two groups. Group I (20 patients) in whom Tru-cut needle biopsy was performed guided by ultrasonography for the diag-nosis of pleural lesions and group II (20 patients) who under-went thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of undiagnosed pleural lesions.

The most common symptom of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a lump in the neck or under the arm (“Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Disease1”). There are four different stages of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Stage 1 means that the cancer is found in 1 area of a lymph node (“ Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 2 can mean two things; the cancer is in 2 or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diagram or the cancer involves a single organ and its regional lymph nodes, with or without cancer in other lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 3 means that there is cancer in lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Stage 4 is when the lymphoma has spread throughout more than one area of the body (“Lymphoma-Hodgin-Stages1”). There is also recurrent Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and this means that the lymphoma has come back after treatment (“Lymphoma-Hodgkin-Stages1”). Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is important to know about because it compresses the body’s ability to fight infections and needs to be treated

Size of the lung masses of inadequate sample groups (37.7±5.3) were significantly smaller statistically (p value=0.01) compared to the group where sample was adequate (54.69±3.49). This is in agreement with the study by Guimarães et al In this study, lesions with diameters equal to or larger than 40 mm supplied larger amounts of adequate material for analysis than lesions with diameters of less than 40 mm. This study also stated that the superior lobe lesions supplied a proportionally larger amount of adequate material for analysis when compared with other locations. However this finding was not noted in my study. Layfield et al. reported that the location of thoracic lesions affect the sample adequacy of CT guided FNAC of the lung lesions, with peripheral and larger lesions providing more adequate sample. However Yankelevitz et al. & Guimarães et al23 both showed that the distance between the lesion and the pleural surface did not influence the probability of obtaining adequate sample. In my study also, there was no statistically significant difference in obtaining adequate material between the peripheral and deep seated