Plk4 Cycle

Interphase: This particular stage is divided into three phases, G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During all three phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and other organelles within the cytoplasm. However, chromosomes are replicated only during the S phase. In all, a cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it duplicates its

2. In which phases of mitosis are sister chromatids visible, and attached to each other at the centromere?

The orientation between the kinetochores with respect to centromeres (kTilt) was of a larger degree in the Taxol treated cells in comparison to the cells progressing through metaphase normally. There was a 16° increase from 10° to 26° when cells were treated with Taxol.

You may use the lab manual, pre-lab lectures, and credible internet resources, however you may not use your cell bio lab classmates as a resource. You will most likely see this material again on the Final and I highly encourage you to work individually and seek help from myself or your TA. Plagiarism will result in an automatic zero.

Although mitosis is just a fraction of time compared to interphase it can be divided into four distinct subphases. If we start viewing a cell under a brightfield microscope right at the end of interphase subphase G2 we would see that throughout the interphase process (fig 1) the cell has grown considerably in size due to production of extra mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell has also gone through the labor of duplicating all of its chromosomes, a process known as DNA synthesis. Now that the cell has made all of these preparations it's time to start prophase (fig 2), the first stage of the mitotic phase. This stage is visibly identified by the chromatin becoming the tightly formed chromosomes. During the lab we were able to view these newly formed chromosomes best on the onion root tip

D. The kinetichore is the site of attachment of the centromere to the nuclear spindle apparatus.

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

The phase in mitosis which chromatin begins to coil and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

19) The phase of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope fragments and the nucleoli disappear is called

19. In animal cells, the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the centrosome. What is another name for the centrosome?

Figure 1 [2]: The role of tubules in cell proliferation and differentiation of sperm cells.

[A labelled diagram of the end of the Prophase stage of a cell here would be

It is expected that the most common phase of mitosis seen will be interphase as the cell spends around ninety percent of its time in this phase. This is because interphase is the period between cell division in which the cells grows, DNA replicates and centrioles divide. It is such a long phase that it is even split into three sub-phases; G1 phase in which a cell grows, S phase or synthesis, in which a cell copies its chromosome and G2 phase in which the cell grows further and prepares for division.

There are two transmission cycles for the CHIKV virus: Enzootic and human-vector-human cycle. During epidemic periods incidentally humans serves as the reservoir. Outside this period, the disease also occurs in primates (African green monkey), rodents, and birds. The main vectors involved in the transmission of the disease are the Aedes aegypti, and the Ades albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquito species are characterized by white stripes on their black bodies and legs. The female mosquitoes are the only ones that bite , and therefore play an essential role in the human-vector-human cycle, as male mosquitoes do not bite. They serve as the link between humans and the virus by up taking their blood meal and transferring it to humans. The vast

The main focus of this lab was to be able to understand the different phases of mitosis and the cell cycle and also identify what those stages may look like. Mitosis is the process in which concerns the production of new cells. For example, when apoptosis(cell death) the process of Mitosis begins to replace the dead cells. To be able to familiarize ourselves with this concept, we took a sample of an onion root and had it put through a process to be able to look at the different phases under the microscope. We found that the majority of the cells were mostly undergoing Interphase or Prophase which are the phases in charge of crossing over of DNA and where the chromosomes then become visible and the nuclear envelope dissipates. The conclusion of this lab was that Mitosis is essential for the production of new cells. In the case of the onion root sample, the cells were damaged leading to the tester to undergo Mitotic cell division and it was found that mainly Interphase and Prophase were the stages that occurred in this lab.