Pneumocystis Research Paper

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline

Giant seminophages – The cells presented a large size, having a spherical nucleus either central or eccentric and an oversized large foamy and vacuolated cytoplasm with a well-defined cell border. The cells showed four main features, as follows: 1 – round cells with no ingested sperm (Fig. 22); 2 – elongated cells with no ingested sperm (Fig. 23); 3 - cells with ingested sperm (Fig. 24); 4 - cells with undefined debris (Fig. 25). A few semen smears conjointly given multinucleated giant cells (Fig. 26).

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 provided compensation for miners who were permanently disabled by pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis is a occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of dust. In Sago, West Virginia on January 2nd of 2006 there was a coal mine explosion that would trap thirteen miners for barely two days. Of the thirteen miners, only one survived. The only survivor, Randal McCloy, was in critical condition with a collapsed lung and dehydration. Miraculously, he had no sign of brain damage or carbon monoxide poisoning after being trapped for more than 42 hours. Luckily, miners have health care for life because of their hazardous jobs. Unlike the coal miners, there are many people in the country who don’t get the security of health care for life. I have a dream that everyone in the world can receive the medical attention they need regardless of their economic status.

The purpose of this assignment is to learn, observe and experience the biology of the Tobacco Hornworm through the different stages of its lifecycle, along with describing the processes which occur through each development stage. When I picked up my hornworm, I received three eggs in the tubular container. During my examination, the hornworms lived in two environments. They first lived in the small, tubular container they arrived in until they outgrew it. I then placed them in a large plastic container for the remainder of their lifecycle.

In response to these comments, it was then that the FDA added three additional pathogens to the list of qualifying pathogens: Coccidiodes species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis is a disease caused by fungi from the genes of Cryptococcus that affect living organisms such as humans and animals. Living organisms usually contract this by inhaling the fungi, thus resulting in lung infection that can travel to the brain causing further harm for the organism. Two individuals were first identified with the fungus between 1894 and 1895. The Cryptococci’s can be found worldwide. The main way that disease is spread is also through inhalation with the particular fungus that happens to be associated with several species of bird, particularly old pigeon waste and bat guano.

The parasite pneumocystis carinii, which normally resides in the lungs without causing problems, may grow too much and cause pneumonia in people whose immune systems are weak as a result of AIDS, organ transplant, cancer, or chemotherapy.

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

The life cycle of Cymothoa exigua is unknown but one thing for sure is that they undergo sexual reproduction. Scientists believe that when the juvenile parasite first attaches to the fish’s gills, they

Giardia lamblia is a unicellular eukaryotic protozoan organism, it is without mitochondria. G. lamblia is also referred to as Lamblia intestinalis and a few more. Most protozoa reproduce asexually and is true for G. lamblia which produces two trophozoite per cyst by binary fission. G. lamblia has two stages, a cyst stage and trophozoite stage. Meaning, if you ingested 10 cysts, soon they would reproduce and there will be 20 trophozoite in the intestines. The cyst stage helps the organism survive in its protective capsule. Giardia cysts can survive in water for up to 3 months, which makes the chances of acquiring at an increase. The trophozoite stage is its vegetative state, where the organism obtains its nourishment.

Eukaryotes are multicellular cells which are distinctly larger to prokaryotes, have a true defined nucleus, linear pieces of DNA and divide by mitosis or meiosis (in sex cells). Eukaryotes also contain specialised parts with specific functions called ‘organelles’. Various distinctive organelles can be found inside different types of plant and animal cells and each has its own particular role, such as producing energy or manufacturing proteins. It has been theorised that the mitochondria, plastid and chloroplast were once

The complete disappearance of the nuclear envelope means it is the beginning of the second phase, the chromosomes are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell. Condensation of chromosomes is completed and they can be observed clearly under the microscope. This then, is where morphology of chromosomes is most easily studied. At this stage, metaphase chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, which are held together by the centromere. Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres are called kinetochores. Although the dependencies among cell cycle events and the coordination of growth and division have been recognized for a long time, it was not until Hartwell and Weinert in 1989 introduced the concept of

Two types of hosts are required to complete the cell cycle: an invertebrate and a vertebrate. The sexual maturity of

Both groups are diploblastic and are made up of 2 layers of cells – the ectoderm and endoderm, with a layer of jelly-like mesoglea between them (McDarby, 2001; Kimball, 2014). Both groups have species which manufacture chemicals and toxins, to prevent infection and other organisms from growing on them (Dettner, 2010). Though there are some similarities between the 2 phyla, there are distinct differences between them in the aspects of anatomy and

The life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms which are gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation give rise to the other otherwise known as alternation of generations which is when the life cycle includes both multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms. Gametophyte is a gamete producing, multicellular haploid (1n). It is named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes such as egg and sperm, that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes. This mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid sporophyte, which is a spore- producing plant. Nature sporophyte produces haploid spores, which are reproductive cells that can develope into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell. Mitotic division of the spore cell produces a new multicellular gametophyte, and the cycle begins again.

Conidia: Acrogenous, solitary, day, seceding schizolytically, cylindrical, multi septate, slightly tapered at the apex, truncate at the base, 9-12 distoseptate, olivaceous to olivaceous brown, 70-96 µm long, 8-10 µm at the widest part, 6-8 µm wide at the base, 4-6 divergent, non-septate, hyaline to sub hyaline appendages measuring up to 60 µm long, 1.5 µm wide.