Pneumocystis Research Paper

The report states that, when seen under light microscopy it is revealed that Harmonia carries abundant amount of obligate parasitic microsporidia in its blood stream. This parasitic microsporidia replicates inside the cell after

Giardia lamblia is a unicellular eukaryotic protozoan organism, it is without mitochondria. G. lamblia is also referred to as Lamblia intestinalis and a few more. Most protozoa reproduce asexually and is true for G. lamblia which produces two trophozoite per cyst by binary fission. G. lamblia has two stages, a cyst stage and trophozoite stage. Meaning, if you ingested 10 cysts, soon they would reproduce and there will be 20 trophozoite in the intestines. The cyst stage helps the organism survive in its protective capsule. Giardia cysts can survive in water for up to 3 months, which makes the chances of acquiring at an increase. The trophozoite stage is its vegetative state, where the organism obtains its nourishment.

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 provided compensation for miners who were permanently disabled by pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis is a occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of dust. In Sago, West Virginia on January 2nd of 2006 there was a coal mine explosion that would trap thirteen miners for barely two days. Of the thirteen miners, only one survived. The only survivor, Randal McCloy, was in critical condition with a collapsed lung and dehydration. Miraculously, he had no sign of brain damage or carbon monoxide poisoning after being trapped for more than 42 hours. Luckily, miners have health care for life because of their hazardous jobs. Unlike the coal miners, there are many people in the country who don’t get the security of health care for life. I have a dream that everyone in the world can receive the medical attention they need regardless of their economic status.

Included in the kingdom Protista, the amoeba Naegleria fowleri has proven to be pathogenic when entering the brain through the nasal cavity. Out of the numerous species of Naegleria, only the single-celled fowleri is of vital concern to human health. This free-living ameboflagellate can be discovered in one of three stages depending on its surroundings (Fero 2010). The protozoan’s life cycle consists of a cystic phase which is resistant, a dormant biflagellate phase, and the dangerous trophozoite phase. This species duplicates by binary fission in the trophozoite stage which is the only proven form when N. fowleri is infectious, visibly granulated and has one nucleus (“General Information. Parasites,” 2017).

In response to these comments, it was then that the FDA added three additional pathogens to the list of qualifying pathogens: Coccidiodes species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis is a disease caused by fungi from the genes of Cryptococcus that affect living organisms such as humans and animals. Living organisms usually contract this by inhaling the fungi, thus resulting in lung infection that can travel to the brain causing further harm for the organism. Two individuals were first identified with the fungus between 1894 and 1895. The Cryptococci’s can be found worldwide. The main way that disease is spread is also through inhalation with the particular fungus that happens to be associated with several species of bird, particularly old pigeon waste and bat guano.

The life cycle of Cymothoa exigua is unknown but one thing for sure is that they undergo sexual reproduction. Scientists believe that when the juvenile parasite first attaches to the fish’s gills, they

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Giant seminophages – The cells presented a large size, having a spherical nucleus either central or eccentric and an oversized large foamy and vacuolated cytoplasm with a well-defined cell border. The cells showed four main features, as follows: 1 – round cells with no ingested sperm (Fig. 22); 2 – elongated cells with no ingested sperm (Fig. 23); 3 - cells with ingested sperm (Fig. 24); 4 - cells with undefined debris (Fig. 25). A few semen smears conjointly given multinucleated giant cells (Fig. 26).

The main focus of this lab was to be able to understand the different phases of mitosis and the cell cycle and also identify what those stages may look like. Mitosis is the process in which concerns the production of new cells. For example, when apoptosis(cell death) the process of Mitosis begins to replace the dead cells. To be able to familiarize ourselves with this concept, we took a sample of an onion root and had it put through a process to be able to look at the different phases under the microscope. We found that the majority of the cells were mostly undergoing Interphase or Prophase which are the phases in charge of crossing over of DNA and where the chromosomes then become visible and the nuclear envelope dissipates. The conclusion of this lab was that Mitosis is essential for the production of new cells. In the case of the onion root sample, the cells were damaged leading to the tester to undergo Mitotic cell division and it was found that mainly Interphase and Prophase were the stages that occurred in this lab.

Two types of hosts are required to complete the cell cycle: an invertebrate and a vertebrate. The sexual maturity of

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline

Conidia: Acrogenous, solitary, day, seceding schizolytically, cylindrical, multi septate, slightly tapered at the apex, truncate at the base, 9-12 distoseptate, olivaceous to olivaceous brown, 70-96 µm long, 8-10 µm at the widest part, 6-8 µm wide at the base, 4-6 divergent, non-septate, hyaline to sub hyaline appendages measuring up to 60 µm long, 1.5 µm wide.

The life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms which are gametophytes and sporophytes. Each generation give rise to the other otherwise known as alternation of generations which is when the life cycle includes both multicellular haploid organisms and multicellular diploid organisms. Gametophyte is a gamete producing, multicellular haploid (1n). It is named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes such as egg and sperm, that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes. This mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid sporophyte, which is a spore- producing plant. Nature sporophyte produces haploid spores, which are reproductive cells that can develope into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell. Mitotic division of the spore cell produces a new multicellular gametophyte, and the cycle begins again.

Eukaryotes are multicellular cells which are distinctly larger to prokaryotes, have a true defined nucleus, linear pieces of DNA and divide by mitosis or meiosis (in sex cells). Eukaryotes also contain specialised parts with specific functions called ‘organelles’. Various distinctive organelles can be found inside different types of plant and animal cells and each has its own particular role, such as producing energy or manufacturing proteins. It has been theorised that the mitochondria, plastid and chloroplast were once

The complete disappearance of the nuclear envelope means it is the beginning of the second phase, the chromosomes are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell. Condensation of chromosomes is completed and they can be observed clearly under the microscope. This then, is where morphology of chromosomes is most easily studied. At this stage, metaphase chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, which are held together by the centromere. Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres are called kinetochores. Although the dependencies among cell cycle events and the coordination of growth and division have been recognized for a long time, it was not until Hartwell and Weinert in 1989 introduced the concept of