Pneumonia And Tuberculosis Essay

M. H. states that she is generally in good overall health. No cardiac, respiratory, endocrine, vascular, musculoskeletal, urinary, hematologic, neurologic, genitourinary, or gastrointestinal problems.

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive disease.

Once believed to be easily treated and prevented, Tuberculosis (TB) has recently been making a steady comeback. Previous to modern medicine, TB claimed millions of victims, spreading from person to person like wildfire. Around the 17th-18th centuries, the “White Plague” took the lives of 1 in 5 adults (20%) in Europe and North America (Iseman, 1994). However, as technological advances progressed, this seemingly ferocious viral disease became a primal, insignificant thing of the past. But, in the nature of all bacteria, TB has, in the recent years, mutated to become progressively drug resistant. Why is Tuberculosis coming back with a vengeance? Well, the answer’s quite simple. TB has done an amazing job of standing in the corner and

Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory infection caused commonly by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the first two years of life. Nearly every child in the United States will be infected with RSV before its second birthday. The condition is a leading cause of hospital admissions among children under the age of two. The populations most frequently and severely affected by bronchiolitis include; infants less than 12 months of age, children born at a low gestational age (less than 32 weeks), and children with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, or immunodeficiency. Standardized and proper diagnosis and management are essential to effective treatment. The guideline established by the Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2014 provides practitioners with recommendations for diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis in children.

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), also known as TB, is a disease spread by respiratory inhalation of droplets that contain the bacteria. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis

The Pneumocystis Pneumonia Report, also known as the first report of AIDS, was reported during the early 1980s. It was unveiled that this outbreak was not a form of pneumonia and that it was prevalent in the gay community. Due to the sudden emergence of this disease Americans were left in the dark leaving minds to conjure up ideas of how this disease was spread. The outbreak of this newly found “Gay Man’s Disease” left an alteration of the outlooks of Americans by the end of the rapid fire of this disease. The Pneumocystis Pneumonia Report caused America to put a stigma on gay males as well as raise awareness in order to combat HIV/AIDS, the workforce to be diminished due to the illness of workers leaving many with the inability to provide for their households and companies scrambling to replace workers, and forced AIDs relief plans to be set forth by the government.

According to the Center for Disease Control, pneumonia is considered the leading cause of death of children less than five years old. However, there is a way to reduce the chance of contacting this disease. A vaccine called Pneumococcal is available for people to take (Centers for Disease Control, 2014). There is not only one type of pneumonia. The type of pneumonia is based upon the way the patient contacted the pneumonia. The following are the different types of pneumonia: Community-Acquired, Hospital Acquired, Health-Care associated, Aspiration, and atypical (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011).

Several studies of combination drugs are being conducted or are being planned, although these trials face barriers that include pharmacokinetic interactions, the reliance on clinical rather than surrogate end points, and the relatively low financial incentive for drug companies to perform

Other notable past history included Endocarditis four months ago, treated in hospital with IV antibiotics; Type II Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus for eighteen years; Chronic Osteoarthritis for more than twenty years; the stress of the death of her partner two months ago and a lack of family supports nearby; and > 20 years ago Right Breast cancer & subsequent right mastectomy; lung cancer with left partial pneumonectomy (previous smoker) and a laminectomy for scoliosis when 17 years old.

This article examines the death ratios and accesses the clinical aspect of person that have been diagnose with tuberculosis (TB) and admitted to the ICU. The study was conducted, at the “medical ICU of a university hospital” from 2009 to 2014. The five-year study include the patient with positive skin and radiological manifestation of Tb, as well as those with positive cultures and excluded those who had received treatment a month earlier. The age, gender and overall health was also taken in to account. The study consisted of only 16 patients. By the end of the five-year study it was determined that all the contributed factors on mortality rate were drugs, related disease such as HIV, delayed treatment, and acute respiratory failure. Seven of the 16 patients died, four of the seven had pneumonia and of the eight patients with nosocomial and coinfection only one survived.

Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that is described as an abnormality in transferring a solid or liquid bolus from the oral cavity to the stomach (Bernard, Loeslie, & Rabatin, 2015). With a diagnosis of dysphagia, a patient will likely aspirate foods and/or liquids of different consistencies. Aspiration is “the entry of food or liquid into the airway below the true vocal folds” (Logemann, 1998, p. 5). Specifically, thin liquid dysphagia occurs when a patient aspirates while consuming any liquids that are not thickened, such as water. Patients with thin-liquid dysphagia are often prescribed a modified thickened liquid-only diet, meaning they consume liquids that are thickened to a greater consistency of nectar, honey, or pudding (Carlaw et al., 2007). An increased viscosity reduces the flow rate of a bolus, makes it more cohesive, and is easier for many people to control intraorally, thus preventing spillage into the airway (Murray, Miller, Doeltgen, & Scholten, 2013). Dysphagia can also contribute to the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia occurs “when organisms infiltrate the lower respiratory tract during an episode of aspiration and the

By definition pneumonia is a serious lung infection that can cause difficulty with breathing, coughing, fever and fatigue. In the elderly and the very young it can lead to death. The Join Commission estimates that 125,000 people are hospitalized each year due to pneumococcal pneumonia (2015). Due to the mortality rates of this disease the Joint Commission (JC) has developed a set of core measures that provide a guideline for hospitals with suspected cases of pneumonia. The Joint commission focuses the set of core measures on the problems of the initial treatment of the disease and how the patient is taught to prevent future episodes.

The nurse welcomes Jeff to a private room at the end of the hall. According to hospital

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.