Pneumonia Is A Common Infectious Disease

Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, it can be caused by a variety of organisms entering the body – including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The infection causes an inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and may result in the alveoli filling with fluid or other purulent material (Mayo Clinic, 2016). An accumulation of fluid within alveoli and portions of the lungs, can reduce the ability of the lungs to allow for oxygen diffusion across the alveoli walls. If oxygen saturation is low, it can cause the body’s cells to not work effectively. Therefore, the risk of the infection spreading through the body is increased – it is due to this reason, that pneumonia can be life-threatening (American Lung Foundation, 2016). Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Many different organisms can cause it, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and can even be deadly. The severity depends on the type of organism causing pneumonia, as well as your age and underlying health.

The purpose of this experiment is to distinguish and indentify an unknown bacterium. There are several tests that can help one eliminate and narrow down the options. The most useful test, and the very first one done, is a gram stain. This test will tell whether the bacterium is gram-positive or gram-negative. After the type of gram stain is identified, the tester has a wide array of differentiating tests at their disposal. Based on the results from these tests, and the numerous others that are available, one can accurately establish the identity of an unknown bacterium.

Pneumonia is described in Tabers cyclopedia medical dictionary, “as inflammation of the lungs, usually due to an infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms” (p.1833)

In the clinical setting it is found that when there is a bacterial infection that there is a sudden and rapid signs of illness in a patient. There will be dyspnea, hemoptysis, lethargic,

Xylose was a sugar testing for fermentation for differentiation between bacteria. If the bacteria could grow and ferment xylose, then it would change the phenol red pH indicator dye to yellow and possibly black, being a positive result. The sulphur indole motility (SIM) medium contains peptone, iron, and sodium thiosulfate. The first two abilities that are tested are the sulphur reduction and the motility of the bacteria. If the bacteria can reduce sulphur, it will react with the iron present and turn the agar black resulting in a positive reaction. The motility test is determined by any movement away from the stab sight in the agar. The indole test is done lastly by adding the Kovac’s reagent to test for the presence of indole from hydrolysing tryptophan (Levell, 2007 SIM). Sulphur reduction, any movement, and indole production are all positive results. The eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar tests for lactose fermentation from gram-negative bacteria usually found in the gut. If it can ferment lactose the colonies will change to a pink/purple colour for a positive result and occasionally green if it is more aggressive (Kadam,

pneumoniae were EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Methyl Red, vogues Proskauer and phenylalanine. The start of the Biochemical test consisted of inoculation on regular nutrient agar and incubating for 48 hours. After incubation, gram staining was done to identify the bacterium as either gram positive or negative along with the shape of the bacterium using a microscope. The bacterium was then inoculated on EMB based on the identification of it being gram negative. After the inoculation on EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Phenylalanine, and MR-VP were inoculated and incubated for 5 days. The results of each biochemical were observed and

The main organisms are Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumonae may also be involved.

Streptococcus pneumoniae- Is a Gram-positive bacterium in the shape of a slightly pointed cocci. They are usually found in pairs as diplococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae are alpha hemolytic bacterium. Streptococcus pneumoniae have a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; along with surface proteins that prevent the activation of complement pathways, and pili that enable S. pneumoniae to attach to epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae lacks catalase and ferments glucose to lactic acid, like most other streptococci. However, unlike most other streptococci, it does not display an M protein and it hydrolyzes insulin, which help distinguish it from other streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of meningitis in adults and young adults throughout the world and is best known for causing pneumonia all other the world.

Pneumonia is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. It is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, a new infiltrate or auscultatory findings such as altered breath sounds (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2000). It is a prevalent condition that carries a high incidence of mortality and morbidity, particularly in the very young or old populations. Pneumonia outcomes vary from without any incidence, to a hospital admission, and could even lead to death.

fungal pneumonia usually most often experienced by people who have weakened immune systems and people with chronic diseases. Infection is through the air that is inhaled through the nose is not filtered properly. dirty air could be from a residential area or in the

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

There are four different classifications of pneumonia including community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, healthcare associated pneumonia, and ventilator-associated event which were previously referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (HESS). Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are some of the major causes of any type of pneumonia. Specifically, pneumococcus and Haemophilus, influenza are common pneumonia-causing bacteria. In children, these bacteria are the most present. Streptococcus pneumonia These microorganisms are capable of causing pneumonia, which is defined as inflamed air sacs in the lungs capable of developing fluid.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.