Pneumonia Paper

| This is important because we need to look at the relevant data and realize that she seems to be in distress and first take care of that. Also realize that she seems to have an infection. With this information we are able to prioritize

Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, it can be caused by a variety of organisms entering the body – including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The infection causes an inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs and may result in the alveoli filling with fluid or other purulent material (Mayo Clinic, 2016). An accumulation of fluid within alveoli and portions of the lungs, can reduce the ability of the lungs to allow for oxygen diffusion across the alveoli walls. If oxygen saturation is low, it can cause the body’s cells to not work effectively. Therefore, the risk of the infection spreading through the body is increased – it is due to this reason, that pneumonia can be life-threatening (American Lung Foundation, 2016). Pneumonia

* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

Pneumonia is described in Tabers cyclopedia medical dictionary, “as inflammation of the lungs, usually due to an infection with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms” (p.1833)

        The pneumonia virus affects the respiratory system. The respiratory system includes the throat, voice box,windpipe, air tubes, air sacs, and most important the lungs. “This system job is to take in air from the outside and take out carbon dioxide from inside the air and that helps your body prevent illness.” (Health tab) This is how it works, the air can enter through the nose or mouth, then it passes through the air sacs, and then finally it enters in the lung. Once in the lungs the oxygen can enter the bloodstream. This maybe common knowledge but you can not live very long without breathing so the respiratory system is very important.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

Sue grew up in the city of Port au Prince, Haiti, speaks fairly fluent English, but fluent in Haitian French, and is the youngest of eight children. Pneumonia seems to occur in her family because one of her older sister and brother died from pneumonia when they were less than five years of age. Her father was an alcoholic and involved in petty crimes and her mother suffered from an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. She was raised Catholic by her maternal grandmother with whom she live for an extended period of time. She was the only child who studied English and did well in school. Sue had obtained her General Educational Development (GED) after she dropped out of school from grade 10 to help her family. Out of eight children from her parents,

pneumoniae and there chemotactic signals and the host cell’s alternate pathway, invade the alveoli. Also red blood cells are recruited to this site. In the third stage, mostly neutrophils are packed into the alveoli and very few bacteria remain. In the final stage, macrophages eliminate the remaining residue from the inflammatory response. As one can see, the damage which is done to the lung is largely a result of the host’s inflammatory response, which causes the build up of fluids in the lungs. If S. pneumoniae is allowed to persist in the lungs it can then invade the blood, which causes bacteremia. When in the blood it can traverse the blood-brain barrier and infect the meninges, which results in meningitis. S. pneumoniae is also associated with diseases in other parts of the respiratory tract including the paranasal sinuses, which is better known as sinusitis, and the middle ear can become infected, which is known as otitis media. It has also been known to cause peritonitis, an inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall, and it is also implicated in causing arthritis.

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

David Herbert Richards who is was an infamous novels and poetry during the 20th century. D.H. Lawrence was the child of Arthur John Lawrence and Lydia Lawrence, Arthur was a coal miner and his mother worked in the lace-making to supplement the family income but she had a become very well educated with a love of literature. She introduced young D.H. Lawrence to books and rise him to read books. Later in life Lawrence was an excellent student and won a scholarship to Nottingham High School. Lawrence worked as a junior clerk at the time but pneumonia cut his career short, Pneumonia is an infection that inflames air sacks on or both lungs which will fill up with fluid or pus. In 1907 Lawrence won a short story competition and his writing career began. He moved to London and kept writing, people nice request for his writing encouragement him to continue more. In 1910 his first book was published “the white peacock “shortly after his first novel was publishes his mother Lydia Lawrence pass away shocking him. Working with his grief he was working on his second novel as well he published “the trespasser” in 1912.

M. pneumoniae is generally referred to as primary atypical or walking pneumonia because the symptoms are not as sever as pneumonia. The symptoms include a dry hacking cough, fever, and headache. The symptoms will last for about 2 to 3 weeks. M. pneumoniae affects people worldwide. Typically only 33 % of people who have M. pneumoniae will get atypical pneumonia. The majority, 77 %, will come down with an upper tract infection (tracheaobronchitis). (Pulmonary Disorders pg 609) M. pneumoniae is transmitted through aerosol droplets. The bacterium is capable of infecting anyone at any time but it has a pattern of coming in the fall and winter and causing an outbreak every 4 to 8 years, although more tight communities occur more frequently. The pathogen rarely occurs on children less than 4 years of age. Since the bacterium lacks a cell wall, B-lactums are futile against them. The body’s immune system is responsible for killing the pathogen. There were 2 million cases in the US with 100,000 requiring hospitalization. The mortality rate is very low with only occasional fatalities among the elderly and sickle cell anemia persons. ( ).

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.

The interventions for pneumonia are as follows. First, the patient must have oxygen administered to increase the blood's oxygenation level and ensure proper oxygenation to the body's organ systems. As the patient is treated with oxygen, she should be encouraged to breath deeply, as oxygen is the best cure of pneumonia. Next, vitals should be consistently monitored and oxygen treatment repeated whenever the oxygenation level drops below 90 percent. Finally, the on-call physician should be notified of the patient's condition so that