Polar Covalent Bonding Lab Report

I. LIQUID - Identification of an Unknown Liquid: Using the physical properties of Solubility, Density, and Boiling Point.

In the last test, we had to test out a mystery powder (powder A, B, C), in its own separate test tube, in order to solve the Sherlock Holmes Mystery. Our group had powder C. When we mixed water in the mystery powder, it did not dissolve. When the litmus paper was put into the test tube it turned blue. When the vinegar was mixed it bubbled/foamed up. When we mixed the iodine solution, there was no reaction and the solution turned to a dark brown/black color. When we mixed in the baking soda there was no reaction and it turned to an even darker color.

These were most likely impurities, in which case I added a bit more water than was necessary. Also, the lab manual says to take two samples of each mixture (unknown; ½ phenacetin; ½ acetanilide) for the melting point, but we only conducted one.

The primary goal of this laboratory is to correctly identify an unknown substance. To achieve this task, one may use various tests that reveal both chemical and physical properties of a substance. By comparing the results of a known substance and the unknown substance, one may eliminate alternative possibilities and more accurately predict the undisclosed compound. Furthermore, by performing these tests, data can be collected and verified regarding chemical and physical properties of the unknown. Understanding the chemical properties of a known substance aids one’s understanding of the unknown based on comparative analysis of the results of the tests.

A) They feature carbon atoms which are covalently bonded to hydrogen (Open Learning Initiative, 2015, pg.63).

Eleven mystery test tubes labeled from K-1 to K-11 contained: 6M H2SO4, 6M NH3, 6M HCl, 6M NaOH, 1M NaCl, 1M Fe(NO3)3, 1M NiSO4, 1M AgNO3, 1M KSCN, 1M Ba(NO3)2, 1M Cu(NO3)2 respectively. The contents of the test tubes were determined by chemical experiments. Solution K-1 contained NiSO4 because when solution K-9, ammonia which was identified by its pungent odor, was added, an inky dark blue color was made. Iron (Fe (NO3)3) was determined to be in test tube K-2. KSCN was found in test tube K-11 since Fe (NO3)3 and KSCN makes a bloody color when mixed together. Flame tests were conducted in which K-8

The purpose of this experiment was to classify unknown solids based on their type of chemical bonds by investigating their properties. By using data, Unknown 1 was classified as a metallic. This was because it appeared a shiny copper color, had a very high conductivity as a solid, had a high melting point, and was malleable. Unknown 2 was classified as a nonpolar covalent bond. This was because it had no conductivity as a solid and low conductivity in water.

The goal of the experiment was to identify Unknown 33A and 33B. Unknown 33A was a white, crystalline solid that had a sweet cherry smell and Unknown 33B was a beige, yellowish color liquid that was translucent and had a viscosity similar to water. Also, the liquid was homogenous and smelled sour, similar to mildew.

The second component of the mixture was iron filings. Iron filings are primarily composed of small solid pieces of iron and tend to appear as a gray lustrous powder. Iron filings are metal, which means that they are good conductors of heat. Iron itself also tends to be very reactive and readily combines with substances such as oxygen and water to form rust. Since these filings exhibit magnetic properties, they are insoluble in water. Iron filings have a melting point of about 1,535℃ and a boiling point of about 3,000℃. They have a density of about 7.87 grams/cm3 and have a specific heat of about 0.450 Joules/gram℃. As stated earlier, iron filings are made of up primarily iron pieces. This is important seeing as iron is ferromagnetic, meaning

The guiding question of this ADI lab was, “What are the identities of the unknown compounds?” The goal of this lab was to understand the relationships between moles and molar mass to find the identity of unknown compounds. The mole can be used to measure small amounts of a substance or is used to convert from unit to unit using dimensional analysis. One mole is equivalent to the molar mass in grams of that substance. If you start with the moles of an unknown substance, multiply it by a given compound’s molar mass, and then divide it by however many moles are in the compound of your choice, you will get the mass of the compound. With that answer you can then compare with mass of the compound in the bag to determine its identity. We first started

In the experiment, we were given 6 substances and their identities. We were also given 2 substances with unknown identities, labeled substance A and substance B. Our goal of the experiment was to identify both substance A and substance B as one of the 6 known substances. To achieve our goal, we needed to create an experiment to give us results that we could trust to give us the correct identity of substance A and substance B. Before we could create an experiment we had to do some background research. In our back ground research, we found that conductivity is the property of conducting electricity. To test for conductivity, we used a conductivity meter.

The flame test lab was to test what kind of element the substance was if it was an unknown element, or if the element was known then it would be to see the reaction that the element would have with the open flame based on its energy level. The flame test works by placing a q-tip into the water so the substance easily sticks to it and won’t come off. Then the substance is introduced to the flame by putting the q-tip over the flame and based on the colors it can be determined what kind of element it is. For the elements tested they showed a variety of color.

The main objective of this experiment is to carry out qualitative analysis to identify metal cations in unknown solution 1.

This lab was to see chemical reactions with different liquids. This was important to find the unknown substance. The controlled variable was the unknown powder, since it doesn’t change. The independent variable was the liquids. These liquids were vinegar, iodine, and water. Lastly, the dependent variable is the chemical reactions. The reaction was affected by the different liquids. If the liquids are changed then the chemical reactions will be different, because they have different properties, causing the atoms to bond differently.

For this experiment, ligand binding was introduce into this course. What is ligand binding? It is a smaller molecule that bind to a larger molecule, called a substrate (Berger). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a protein that derive from cow that has a large molecular weight up to 66,436 Da. Phenol red dye has a molecular weight of 354.88 Da, and is binding to bovine serum albumin at pH 4, pH 6, pH 8, and pH 10, and our target was to determine the optimal pH. The optimal pH ranging between 3 to 5, and that it will appear to have two peaks on the graph. The first peak would be the phenol red-BSA at maximum and the second peak is only phenol red at maximum because it does not bind to BSA. After gather each pH peaks, then calculate the percent bound.