Policy Agend Human Papillomavirus

There are approximately 12 high risk HPV infection types. Although HPV is quite common, most infections are suppressed by the individual’s immune system within a few years without causing cancer but they may cause temporary chances in cervical cells. However, an infection with high risk HPV has the potential to form into more severe precancerous lesions, which if not treated, can progress to cancer. As mentioned before, HPV is slow growing; it may take 10 to 20 years or more for a reoccurring HPV type to develop into

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is very common throughout the United States and worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). There are over 100 different forms of the virus with 13 of these types being capable of causing cancer (WHO, 2016). HPV can lead to the development of serious health problems. Theses health problems are especially an issue for adolescent women due to the highly increasing STD rates among this age group (Kostas-Polston, Johnson-Mallard & Berman, 2012). There is a vaccine for many of the common types of HPV, however, many parents are refusing to vaccinate their daughters for various reasons. With the rising cases of STDs, less birth

In addition, the immune system of most women will usually suppress or eliminate HPVs. This is very important because only an ongoing persistent infection has the potential to lead to cervical cancer (HPV). Eleven thousand cases of this kind of cancer were confirmed in 2007 in the United States; the amount undiagnosed is still unclear but believed to be in the tens of thousands. But to give some perspective of the problem you need to understand its effects on a global level. On the world wide scale cervical cancer strikes nearly half a million women each year, claiming more than a quarter of a million lives. “High risk” HPV types 16 and 18 are implicated in Seventy percent of cervical cancers and are hence selected for vaccine targets (The HPV).

There are many reasons that this vaccine could be beneficial, not only to our society, but to many of the underdeveloped nations of the world in which HPV and cervical cancer are still considered to be an epidemic (MacDonald). It could save the young women who get the vaccine from the future trouble of dealing with a highly invasive cancer, as well as protect them from the embarrassment that comes with contracting a venereal disease. However, the controversy of this topic is not in whether the vaccine is a benefit to women’s health, which many, including the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control, believe that it is; but in the debate over whether it is the parents’ right, not the states’, to choose what is best for their child. The question of mandatory vaccination raises medical, moral and legal issues that are not easily reconcilable (Lovinger). Many parents are opposed to the mandating of this vaccine for three reasons. First, HPV is not spread by casual contact, as are the other diseases that children are vaccinated against for the safety of the classrooms. Second, the vaccine has only been approved for a short while, thus not all of the side effects and long term effects are known. Last, parents are afraid that by getting their child vaccinated against a sexually transmitted disease they will be encouraging promiscuity. Gardasil would become the first vaccine mandated for school-aged children that targets a

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects roughly 20 million individuals in the United States with 6.1 million new cases each year. There is no cure for HPV, only treatment for associated health problems. There are more than 30 strains of HPV that affect more than half of sexually active individuals in their lifetime. Public health risks involve several types of HPV leading to precancerous lesions and causing 70% of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, the second most common cancer, affects many women globally. In the United States, nearly 10,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually and 3,700 of those women die. It has been reported by American Cancer Society that with early

The disease specifically affects those in poverty and results in higher rates of cancer in black and Hispanic women. (Source) Some states are starting to require female students in public schools to receive vaccination for HPV by the sixth grade. (Source) When public schools become advocates for a vaccination, it tends to be a big ordeal and starts to catch on. This virus is showing just how complex and controversial making a vaccine mandatory can be. Parents are starting fear that making it a requirement is implicitly condoning sex before marriage or sex with multiple partners. (source)Media is starting to show that it plays a big part as well because during the CNN-Tea party Republican presidential debate on September 13, 2011, that mandate came under fire when candidate Michele Bachman claimed that the vaccine was dangerous

The HPV vaccine should be required on the grounds that it will reduce sexually transmitted infections in the United States. The human papillomavirus is spread and contracted through sexual intercourse. Around twenty million people have the human papillomavirus in the United States (Creel). An abundance of people do not realize that they have been infected by the human papillomavirus since it has no symptoms, thus making the virus dangerous. If a person has the human papilloma virus and does not acquire treatment, it can lead to cancer or genital warts. Women might learn if they have contracted the human papilloma virus if they have a Pap smear test done. Unfortunately, men are not able to know if they have the virus unless they develop genital warts or cancer. Research shows that the HPV vaccine, "produces a strong immune response when tested" (Creel). If a person decides to receive the vaccine when required and is ever exposed to the virus the chances of contracting the virus are extremely low. As of today, studies show that both HPV vaccines can reduce the risk of contracting cancer and genital warts

Approximately 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur each year worldwide, 260,000 of which are fatal. In the U.S., it is estimated that there were over 9,700 cases of cervical cancer in 2006, and of these 3,700 resulted in deaths”. Vaccinations are one of the most successful public health approaches to preventing and controlling infectious diseases. According to the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the vaccine has been proven to be virtually 100% effective against the two types of HPV that are responsible for some 70% of cervical cancers.

In their 2015 study Alves Ribeiro et al. found that women who began having sexual intercourse prior to age of 16 were more than four times as likely to have a HPV infection (OR 4.41; 95%CI:1.20-19.33), and nearly five times as likely for that infection to involve serotypes 16 and 18 (OR 4.68; 95% CI: 1.20-21.32). Moreover, women with a sexual debut prior to age 16 were twice as likely to have a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1 or greater (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 0.94-5.08 CITE 2. The same study also demonstrated a statistically significant association between CIN 1 and HPV infection, especially infection with HPV serotypes 16 and 18 (OR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.05-7.19) and (OR 3.53; 95% CI: 1.17-10.67) respectively (Alves Riberio et al., 2015). Over 90% of females in the United States are sexually active by age 24; correspondingly, the prevalence of high-risk HPV peaks at over 43% in the 20-24 age group (Vegunta, Kransdorf, & Mayer, 2014). By age 30, the prevalence of high-risk HPV decreases to 30.4%, and continues to decrease as age increases. It is thought that this age related decrease in prevalence can be attributed to a combination of factors, including, decreased exposure, resistance to reinfections, and HPV’s self-limiting nature (Alves Ribeiro et al., 2015; Vegunta et al., 2014).

Thesis statement: Healthcare providers should educate the parents of 11-12 year old boys and girls about human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the HPV vaccine because HPV infection is prevalent and the chance of an adolescent being infected is high, persistent infection with the high-risk types 16 and 18 can cause serious health problems, and in order to assure effectiveness, the vaccine must be administered prior to contact with the virus.

Human papilloma virus will cause almost all cases of cervical cancer, and therefore is the highest risk factor. There are many factors that will determine if HPV will lead to cervical cancer, HPV directly affects and transforms either or both the deepest layer of the mucous epithelial cells and more superficial layers. Targeting the receptors found in the layers of the stratified squamous epithelium. This is where the virus will proliferate into more differentiated cells to spawn offspring virus. The virus replication is what causes the skin characteristics of a wart. With the help of a pap smear, we are able to investigate if cervical epithelial cells are healthy and normal or determine which point in dysplasia they are at in transforming to cancerous cells. The HPV virus does not need a host to survive, and can survive in low and high temperatures.

The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the virus responsible for cervical cancer. It is one the most common viral sexually transmitted infections. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, members of the medical community, and the public at large (Cooper et al. 2010).

According to the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). I wasn’t aware that it impacts so many people; SIECUS reports that each year there are approximately 6.2 million new cases of HPV and that 75% of people between ages 15 and 49 have had a genital HPV infection. This isn’t something that I hear about as an adult male in this country. Before conducting research, I was only aware that HPV was tied to cervical cancer and there was a vaccine for young women. In the last decade, the understanding of HPV has increased considerably. Although schools don’t require the vaccination it’s recommended that children age 11-12. People have till their mid-20’s to receive a “catch up” immunization. HPV is responsible for causing more than 90% of anal and cervical cancers, about 70% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and more than 60% of penile cancers and HPV is linked to 70% of oropharynx cancers (CDC, 2015). Not all people infected have complications, in fact, most people are asymptomatic and

About 12 types of HPV are known to be "low risk" as they are not capable of causing cervical cancer. However, they can cause genital papillomas or warts or can cause very small changes in cervical cells. These types of

Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV) Vaccine is by far one of the most controversial vaccinations in the world. With the virus affecting one in every four which is approximately eighty million people. While most people never experience any symptoms from this sexually transmitted disease, others are not so lucky. Some of the most common health issues that this virus can cause include cervical cancer, cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils, and genital warts. Like other virus’ HPV also has different types of the virus with some being low risk to high risk. There are over one-hundred types of HPV but some of the ones that actually cause symptoms are HPV-6 and HPV-11 which