Political Identities in Malaysia since Its Independence in 1957

Australia and Indonesia political systems are instrumental in shaping the development of individual nations. These systems determine the policies that are to be followed by the government and the governed and aim to establish political stability. Despite Australia is a constitutional monarchy and Indonesia is a republic, the two country have many similarities and differences in the political system. This extended response identifies and compares the key features of government system and election between Australia and Indonesia political systems.

US parties are often described as organisationally weak because they are essentially ‘broad coalitions’. For example they contain moderates like McCain republican) and Obama democrat), while also having a more conservative wing. Therefore stronger party organisation would give parties a narrower appeal and potentially alienate large ‘voting blocs’ or proportions of the electorate. This is a reason why it is argued that having ‘organisationally weak’ parties is a necessity in the US political system. It has therefore been argued that symptoms of weak organisation e.g issue centred or candidate-centered election campaigns are deliberate as parties attempt to gain a maximum

It could be argued, however, that the two party system which was once in place is declining, meaning more parties have a realistic chance to achieve role as government. In the last thirty years the support for the Conservative and Labour parties has been gradually decreasing, leaving them with only 67% of the vote at the 2005 general election, which was the smallest percentage they’d gained since 1918. This is an example of partisan dealignment because the working class started to transfer their party support to Conservative instead of Labour. The Liberal Democrats support was significantly increasing, leaving them with 22% of the vote in the 2005 election as well as 62 seats. Their seat numbers had been increasing since 1974 when they only had 14 seats in parliament, suggesting a change in the dominance of only two parties. Today, the Liberal Democrats, who haven’t been considered a main party since, are currently the weaker part of a coalition government, with Labour in opposition. This shows a clear end to the two party system, with three parties in significant places of power.

Mary “Mimi” Carstens, a good friend of mine with a deep knowledge and understanding of politics which reach far beyond her years, initially confirmed my main theories, as well as confirming the Pew Reasearch Center’s statistics in her assertion that “The Republicans could be seen with a handful of liberals and the Democrats had many conservatives in their midst. However, the parties seem to have essentially purified their ideologies and there is much less diversity in that sense, causing a great divide between the two parties--the Republicans moving farther right and the Democrats moving farther left.” However both Mimi and Mr. Lindley conflicted with my ideas about the dual-party system. Mr. Lindley viewed the dual-party system as being a beneficial institution, as fractured governing bodies can make way for totalitarianism to rear its head, an example he used in particular being the overly-diverse Reichstag which allowed the Nazi Party to take hold over Germany. He also argued that within the two parties there is enough ideological diversity to have six or more “parties” currently in congress, each main party being divisible into major factions, such as Democratic socialists (Bernie Sanders),

Lastly, in modern democracies, political parties fail to fulfill their classical function as being ‘peoples’ representatives’ and enforcing the advocated policies. They tend to become such large organizations with tremendous amount of reach and power that they dominate the government and become less and less accountable to the people. The parties gain the power to suppress civil cases and manipulate their way into the parliament. Large parties are also able to turn elections in their favor and spend massive amounts of money and society’s scarce resources into election campaigning, solely based on marketing and advertisement. Thus, political parties in modern democracies are no longer instruments of public participation in the decision making process and these reason offer enough justification

If party imbalance disorganizes dominant party minority party is pulverized. Minority doesn't fight. Young people gain dominant party, and second party goes national.

Party Identification is one of the most important factors in today’s political system. The definition of party identification is the loyalty one has with a specific political party, this research will dive into the reasons why those loyalties are formed. Here in the United States there are two major political parties, Republican and Democrat, each having their own similarities and differences. Age of the voter will be looked at heavily in order to see the divide between parties. Then education will be observed to see any tendencies that may have been formed with higher and lower educated groups. Finally, income

Mexico’s political party that is most dominated the country’s political institutions when it was found back in 1929 and then eventually ended towards the end of the 20th century. Nearly all important symbol in Mexican nation and local policies belonged to the political party system, as a result of the recommendation of the participants that public offices have always been commensurated during this time period. During India’s return to the political party system they needed to declare their party.

11.Ideological Party parties based on a particular set of beliefs a comprehensive view of social economic and political matters

Although it may have once been possible to describe the two political parties as being ‘two empty bottles’, essentially being the same party separated by one or two issues, it can be argued that this is no longer the case. The statement that the parties are now ‘ideologically distinct’ certainly has some backing, with them becoming increasingly polarised.

Political parties are closely linked to institutions of governments, the main goal is to get their candidates elected into office. This goal is not only pragmatic but ideological, they want their representative to propose policies based on the party’s platform. There are various types of party systems that exist within democratic political regimes. The success or demise of the party lies within the electoral set-up, along with socio-economic factors. And even similar party set-ups differ based on the country. The many forms and structures of political parties shape the politics of different countries. Operation of those parties is key, and having a voice matters when making policy changes. Countries can have one-party that is dominant,

Cleavages are important in our understanding of political behaviors and attitudes. The importance of cleavages branches from the observation that social groups distinguished by social features such as class, religion, ethnicity, language, and region often tend to be similar in their political attitudes and behavior. (Dunphy, 2017) However, not all social cleavages are political cleavages for a social cleavage to have political significance three conditions must be present. Firstly, differences must be socially important and recognized by a society such as race and religion. Secondly, social groups must be aware of their identity and express them in their social life, for example through their political actions. Lastly, there must also be a

There are numerous ways to improve the Malaysian electoral system both in fairness and efficiency. Currently, there is a lack in confidence in the validity or neutrality of the Electoral Commissions (EC). Members of the EC are elected by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong (YDPA) after discussing with the Conference of Rulers (Legal Research Board, 2013). However, according to Article 40 the YDPA can only act after receiving advice from the Cabinet or a Minister representing the Cabinet (Legal Research Board, 2013); in most cases it would mean the Prime Minister. Hence, it may seem that the politically neutral EC were to be pro-government. A solution to this problem would be to amend the Constitution so that the House of Representatives can debate on the nomination of the EC members, then their decision would be passed on to the YDPA. By doing so, the EC would comprise of members that have the approval of both the government and opposition, thus making the committee fairer. Aside from that, the EC should manage its own budget, and should be reviewed by the Auditor-General and not be dissected by the Parliament.

Social cleavages can be described as divisions within a society. These divisions can be found within religious lines, ethnic ties, geography or land, linguistic or class, and these divisions can be a result of a mixture of the specified topics (Kennedy lecture, 01/25/17). Political parties, or political and social organization, are a way of expressing groups involved in division within a society. However, statistical divisions and the existence of social cleavages are not enough to cause an agitation within a community or nation (Kennedy lecture, 01/25/17).

Politics surrounds us everyday, whether we wish it too or not this is because it controls us. Politics controls our country, it makes the laws in which we have to abide in order to avoid punishment this aims to make a safe and peaceful society. Parliament is the centre of politics situated in the house of commons. The parliament of Great Britain was formed after the combination of the Scottish and English parliaments in 1707 under the Act of Union. In the 1820’s the defining of the left and right wing was formed, the language associated with the differing wings is universal which allows political parties to be determined into classes around the world, however the line between left and right is ever changing, it has shifted through time, and it differs depending on culture and the country being inhabited. Hence a left wing view could be a right wing view in a differing country. The use of the political compass determines between left and right perspectives, this shows how left or right the party is and the level of authoritarian or libertarian the party is. The left wing believes in a progressive society, which believes in equality of the people, the right wing beliefs are known as the traditional beliefs and contends success of the individual. Luke states that not only does the left and right allows parties to be categorised in a political way but also a way in which to allow contextualisation. This provides widespread reliability. “To relate them to divisions in a wider