Polyaniline Essay

After reading the second article named “Conducting Solutions”, I learned a lot about the different types of mixtures and substances on energy sources. This gave the readers follow up examples from the last article explaining more in

The copolymers were synthesized with the molar ratios of aniline and o-phenylenediamine of 5:1 and catalyzed by potassium dichromate in aqueous acidic HCl solution. The obtained results were characterized by measuring FT-IR spectra for PANI-o-PDA copolymer, and PANI-o-PDA / kaolinite composites. Also, the thermal gravimetric analyses of the formed copolymer in absence and in presence of kaolinite composite were carried out. Moreover, the conductivity and resistivity of the resulting copolymer with and without kaolinite composite were

Flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronic devices, flexible smart electronics, roll-up displays, electronic shelf labels, active radio-frequency identification tags, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research and development of flexible LIBs in order to fulfill the power requirements of these next generation devices. One of the main areas of research and development of high performance flexible LIBs is the active and inactive materials used in manufacturing these batteries. Active materials are those materials used in the battery electrodes that can store lithium ions in their structure. The remaining materials used in manufacturing flexible

There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.

Polypyrrole is a conducting polymer which has non-degenerate conduction band in the ground state. The polarons and bipolarons are the dominant charge carriers in these polymers. The most widely accepted method of conductivity in these systems involve charge transport along the polymer chains, as well as hopping of carriers (holes, bipolarons). A common feature of intrinsically conducting polymers is the alternate double and single bond in the polymer backbone , referred as pi bond conjugation. The conductivity is due to four conditions namely, the existence of charge carriers, an overlap of molecular orbits to aid mobility of the carriers, mobility of pi bond and hopping of charges between polymer chains. These conducting polymers are similar to semiconductors with a filled valence band and an empty conduction band separated by energy gap. when polymers are doped new bands are created in the gap, making the paths for the electrons to move through these bands and increasing the conductivity of the materials. In the undoped form Polypyrrole is a insulator. The electronic and transport properties of the conducting polymers are mainly due to the major role of bipolarons. The positive charges commonly called as polarons created on the polymer backbone are responsible for electrical conductivity. The conductivity of polypyrrole depends on synthesis

A good conductor of heat would be metal, because electrons are free to bounce around and move very fast, while non-metals such as fibers, spun glass and other dense material restricts the free flow of electrons, making them slow.

PPV, otherwise known as polyphenylene vinylene are electric conductors that processed into tiny films which emit a bright fluorescent yellow light which could potentially be a replacement for LEDS in electronics. PPV is prepared from p-xylene-bis and the addition of acetonitrile-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and from there, the product is treated with heat to eliminate diethyl sulfide, HCL, and ethyl sulfide to form the final product, PPV. Similarly, another method, called direct chemical polymerization, formed PPV but it was only in the form of powder which could not be turned into tiny films for commercial use. In lab, we learned that PPV precursor can be synthesized in a one step reaction from p-xylene using NBs. In the reaction with

The HDI/PCN/BD stoichiometric ratio for the synthesis of the final polymer was kept as 4:3:1. The polymer solution was passed through a Teflon filter in order to

Two famous methodologies, the chemical or electrochemical oxidation of phenylenediamines yields the analogous poly(phenylenediamines) and their potential application for the removal of lead ions from water [1, 3, 11].

However, their molar refractivity has to be maximized simultaneously in order to obtain a viable HRI material. The molar refractivity depends on the polarizability of the elements and moieties comprising the compound of interest (see Table 1).23–26 The fact that carbon has only a modest atomic polarizability results in the low RI values of typical carbon-based polymers. Highly polarizable heteroatoms and substituents (e.g., sulfur, phosphorus, bromine, iodine) can significantly improve the RI of the corresponding polymers. Hydrogen and strongly electronegative elements (such as oxygen and fluorine) have a low polarizability and consequently exhibit the inverse effect. A number of HRI polymers containing high mass fractions of RI-promoting elements

In 2016, fossil fuel products (petroleum and gas) provided around 95 % of the energy for transportation in U.S. (IPCC, 2014). Since mobility has increased, the greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds have also increased due to the fossil fuel consumption. Other than the environmental concerns, fossil fuels are also considered to be limited. Because of all these problems, alternative and more sustainable solutions are being researched and developed. One of the long-term solutions is considered to be fuel cells that are based on renewable fuels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received substantial attention in transportation sector due to its greater power density and

The use of energetic materials has been increasing as the years go on. Azo-Tetrazolate belongs to high nitrogen content high-density energy materials (HNC, HEDMs). The norm for (HNC, HDEMs) is that they have good thermal stability, impact and shock insensitivity, good performance and the possibility for the formation of less smoke or soot. This seems nearly impossible, as having good thermal stability and impact insensitivity usually results in low explosive performance. The need for a good mix of all three qualities has resulted in growing interest in high-energy density materials, high nitrogen content (HEDMs, HNC). Azo-Tetrazolate and its derivatives are the most recent developments in this field. They come in the form of salts with high nitrogen content and high (positive) heats of formation. These salts have exhibited both good insensitivity to friction, shock, and electrostatic discharge while having a good performance value. The nonmetallic salts of 5,5′-azotetrazolate include Guanidinium Azo-Tetrazolate (GAT), Aminoguanidinium Azo-Tetrazolate (AGAT), Diaminoguanidinium Azo-Tetrazolate (DAGAT), Triaminoguanidinium Azo-Tetrazolate (TAGAT), and Ammonium Azo-Tetrazolate

poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) whereas other batteries use a lithium-salt

Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are materials rarely found in nature, characterized by high melting points, hardness, thermal conductivities (if compared to other ceramics), good wear resistance and mechanical strength.1,2,3 Besides, they are chemically and thermally stable under a variety of conditions due to their high negative free energy of formation.1,3

Kunigal Shivakumar is with the Center for Composite Materials Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA. J. Sundara Rajan is with the VTU Research Centre, Central Power Research Institute, Bengaluru-560080, India. [2] and the ease of processing and manufacturing. A polymer matrix is electrically insulating and does not contribute to EM shielding on its own.