Polycystic Kidney Disease

* Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma. Having this inherited condition makes it more likely you'll develop one or more renal cell carcinomas.

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further

This is a very serious form of PKD. It progresses rapidly and is often fatal in the first few months of life. This form is extremely rare. It occurs 1 in 25,000 people. The third form of PKD is called Acquired Cystic Kidney disease. This can happen in kidneys with long term damage and severe scarring, it often associated with kidney failure and dialysis. After 5 years about 90% of people develop ACKD. They usually seek help because they notice blood in the urine due to the cyst bleeding. Patients with PKD and progress to end stage renal disease may need the following procedures; hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation. Polycystic kidney disease is multiple cyst that form on the kidney. There is NO cure for PKD. Everyone that has PKD does NOT develop kidney failure. By the age of 60 about 50% of people with PKD will have kidney failure and 60% by the age of 70. Treatment that is used, is used to reduce the symptoms. Your kidney filters waste and extra fluid from the blood to the urine. When cyst form on the kidney they are sacs filled with fluid. This can enlarge the kidney. The cyst is replacing the kidney structure reducing the function of the kidney, this

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Diseae (ADPKD) is a very common disorder characterized by progressive enlargement of kidneys that show presence of multiple fluid-filled cysts. Extrarenal manifestations include multiple hepatic cysts, cysts in pancreas, spleen, and seminal vesicals and show cardiovascular abnormalities. About 10% of the patients present with intracranial aneurysms and 8% have sub-arachnoid cysts. Renal function declines in about 50% of ADPKD patients by third or fourth decade of life leading to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Its prevalence world-wide ranges from 1/500 to 1/1000. In India about 2.5% of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) have ADPKD. Renal replacement therapies are the only available treatment for these patients.

CKD will cause the body to retain many excess fluids and waste that are normally filtered out to prevent internal harm throughout the body. With kidney disease there will be a rise in blood pressure due to the amount of extra fluid that is retained in the blood vessels. This fluid retention will cause the passageways to become narrow and make blood passage through the vessels increasingly difficult, in turn causing an increase in blood pressure. There will also be an increase in protein and blood found in the urine because it is not filtered out properly by the kidneys. Swelling will occur in the extremities and around the eyes because of the fluid retention as well. The longer the urine goes unfiltered the harder it may become to urinate due to pain or blockage or there may be more frequent night time urination (The National Kidney Foundation, 12).

According to (Bennett, Rahbari-Oskoui, Chapman, Perrone, & Sheridan, 2014) ADPKD is the most common hereditary kidney disease, resulting 1 in every 400 to 1000 people; kidneys become

Mark has had too much damage to his kidneys to be reversible. The kidneys are responsible for filtering out all the toxins and waste in your urine. They also effect blood pressure and can have a side effect of anemia, a condition marked by inability of cells to transport oxygen. The infection really took a toll on his body. Labs will be taken periodically to monitor for any declines in status. You should call the doctor if Mark has any swelling around his eyes or feet that causes his shoes to be too tight, or if his skin loses pallor. Also, monitoring his urine output is important. If his urine output is diminished it is important to call the physician. Either a transplant or dialysis will be needed in the future to keep Mark’s kidneys functioning. To better understand this disorder, you can refer to the National Kidney Foundation at www.kidney.org. Another great resource is Kids Health at kidshealth.org. These websites

PKD can affect other organ besides the kidney. Cysts can also appear in the liver, pancreas, spleen, ovaries, and large bowel. PKD can also affect the brain and heart. If it affects the brain, an aneurysm can occur; if it affects the

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a severe form of hereditary disease which results from a monogenic disorder. The disease causes enlargement alongside with functional impairment. It results in clusters of cysts mainly within the kidneys. Cysts are noncancerous round sacs consisting of water like fluid which vary in size depending on its accumulating growth (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). This cystic disease consists of two forms, an autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and an autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). The purpose of this research paper is to increase chances of healthy babies born to couples whom both transmit a mutation of PKHD1 gene, wanting to have a child unaffected with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). A recessive mutation/disease is when the gene is inherited from both parents. This disease is of major interest due to the amount of individuals affected widely. Over 12.5 million individuals have PKD, with approximately 30% of affected children dying within their first year of life; making it a major source of morbidity and mortality concern (Miyazaki et al., 2015). ADPKD makes up to 96-98% of all cases, and ARPKD up to 2-5%. Although ADPKD is more harmful, the main focal point of this research paper is on autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Due to the abnormalities in the biliary plates it leads to congenital hepatic fibrosis in infants. Congenital hepatic fibrosis is the disease of the liver which is usually present from birth.

This magazine is written by Dr. Declan Keenan, who is a Specialist Registrar in Nephrology and Professor Alexander P. Maxwell who is an MD PhD Consultant Nephrologist. The discussion is on optimizing the management of polycystic kidney disease. Polycystic kidney disease is corresponding with multiple bilateral renal cysts. If there is a family history of hypertension that is a risk factor of kidney disease. The authors correspond on how the diagnosis should be confirmed, which patients are at risk, what approaches to take. The diagnosis of PKD mostly follows radiological imaging of the abdomen. Key points were addressed by Dr. Chris Barclay. If blood pressure is controlled that is a key element of management. There are several drugs that treat

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

Nephrotoxins, acute interstitial nephritis, glomerular damage, and vascular damage also correlate with intrarenal acute renal failure (Singh, Levy, & Pusey, 2013). Postrenal acute renal failure is usually a result of a urinary tract obstruction that affects the kidneys bilaterally, which causes the intraluminal pressure upstream from the site of the obstruction to increase with a progressive decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). A pattern consisting of several hours of anuria with flank pain followed by polyuria is typically found in individuals with postrenal acute renal failure (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014).

There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.