Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome : Etiology- Environmental And Genetic Factors

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that can affect many women. It is also “an incurable disorder that affects 1 in 10 women and over 50% do not know they have it” (PCOS Awareness Association, 2014). An ultrasound exam can reveal that women with PCOS have a collection of follicles on enlarged ovaries. The particular cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. It could be connected to long-term complications; therefore, doctors recommend weight loss to reduce this risk. Also, early diagnosis and treatment can have an impact on deciphering if a woman will have long-term complications. Such complications include type 2

The motive of this paper is to present a analysis of current research on polycystic ovary syndrome more commonly known as PCOS. Pcos is one the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-10% of the population. Despite it's prevalence, pcos remains largely unknown. The main focus of this paper will be explaining what PCOS is, the causes, the diagnosis and the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

One study done on one hundred patients with PCOS showed that administration of metformin and pioglitazone shows 50 percent effectiveness in helping menstrual cycle irregularities by the end of six-months of treatment. Both medications also showed a decrease in LDL and an increase in HDL overall, but this was seen more in the pioglitazone group. This study showed that 64% of women with PCOS also had hyperinsulinism. HOMA-IR, used to assess insulin resistance, was shown to have a 15% decrease with metformin and a 50% decrease in patients who used pioglitazone. Thus, for protection from diabetes pioglitazone may be the better treatment. Ovulation was shown to be restored in up to 56% of patients on metformin and pioglitazone. This study showed that pioglitazone may be a new and better option for treatment of PCOS since it can delay onset of type II diabetes, help with signs of hyperandrogenism, and regulate menstrual cycles (sangeeta,

In this research paper I will attempt to discuss the causes, symptoms and signs of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, as well as how it is diagnosed and treated. As someone who is suffering from this disease, I found my research to be very informative and educational, raising awareness for my own understanding, and it is my intention to ensure that this same awareness is translated in my research paper.

“According to Mayo Clinic Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine system disorder that affects women of reproductive age. Women who have PCOS may have enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid located in each ovary that can be seen during an ultrasound exam” (Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)). PCOS is characterized by a few symptoms including but not limited to a fluctuating menstrual cycle, acne and excessive weight just to name a few. Many women who are diagnosed with this disorder often find out in their adolescent years, which is when the fluctuating menstruation cycles usually start. Right now, there is no known reason of how PCOS develops or what causes it. The best way to control PCOS and keep symptoms minimal

There is one dream that every little girl has when growing up, that is becoming a mother; to love and watch her children grow. No one ever dreams of that not happening to them or being part of that group being label as infertile. It happens to millions of women living in the United States every day. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is the most common endocrine disease that affects women of reproductive age, which is typically puberty to menopause. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome does not only affect a woman’s ovaries and chances of conceiving, but it affects the whole endocrine system in the body. It can cause Excess Androgen Production, Insulin Resistant, Obesity, Hirsute and Cardiovascular problems.

There are many long-term consequences of PCOS. If PCOS is not properly treated there is a bigger chance of having long-term consequences. One of these consequences is type II diabetes. Women with PCOS frequently have hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance. Women who have irregular ovulation tend to have more insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a precursor to diabetes, so PCOS patients are more at risk of developing diabetes. It is also shown that women with PCOS are more at risk of having glucose intolerance. Researchers found that women with PCOS also have an increased incidence of mortality related to diabetes complications (Nandi et al., 2014).

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a serious chronic medical condition of the endocrine system that affects women, which can cause infertility in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS have abnormal cysts in at least one of their ovaries which cause the eggs not to fully mature and be released during ovulation. The female reproductive organs are the uterus, ovary, and fallopian tubes. The ovary is located laterally left to uterus and inferior to the fallopian tubes. An ovary contains about two million follicles oocyte at birth. Majority will die off and few will matured throughout life cycle. The anterior pituitary gland secrete follicles stimulation hormones (FSH) in the blood, to mature oocyte in

Main Content: Women suffering from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are regularly found to have higher level of insulin in their bodies than normal. Insulin is created by cells in the pancreas, known as the islets of Langerhans. It helps the body cells to transform sugar (glucose) into energy.

There are many chronic health conditions, which affect my family. I believe that mother may have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, but there is little evidence to support this syndrome is genetic. However, I choose to research Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, because I have many of the symptoms listed. I also felt that it was necessary to further researcher this condition, because it affects both my health and personal life. My own personal relationship to this syndrome is that it affects me as a woman. As a woman, I am expected to have children, but with PCOS a common problem is infertility. Also, PCOs affects my overall health. There are many other different health conditions that are associated with PCOs. The medical definition of polycystic ovarian

Thiazolidinediones as alternative therapy in insulin-resistant, obese PCOS patients who are intolerant or refractory to metformin, or with severe insulin resistance due to genetic disorder

Both animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that obesity leads to ovarian dysfunction through oxidative and ER stress and inflammation (26,65,66,74-78). Obesity leads to excess lipids, glucose, insulin, and leptin in variety of ovarian cells including: granulosa cells, cumulus cells, oocytes, and early embryos (ref more;(65,79,80)). Because leptin contributes to follicular growth, steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation and embryo development, hyperleptinemia seen in obese women may disrupt these processes (30,58,70,75,78,81-96). Similarly, insulin resistance and or hyperinsulinemia, have been shown to alter ovarian morphology, ovarian insulin signaling, ovulation and maturation of oocytes (23,30,36,39,40,71,73,74,97-107). Obesity leads to elevated levels of circulating lipids as well as lipid accumulation in the ovary which are associated with decreased granulosa cell numbers, increased apoptosis, greater lipid accumulation in cumulus cells, decreased oocyte nuclear maturation, and changes in substrate metabolism and proliferation in embryos (18,36,55,63,65,67,75,79,90,92,108-112). Greater oxidative stress and chronic low grade inflammation, as seen in obese animals and humans, have also been shown to alter oocyte maturation and fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy success (19,26,65,66,68,69,74,77,78,104,105,109,110,113-120). Lastly, obesity leads to a variety of oocyte mitochondrial defects, including

PCOS is a comlplex pathophysiological disorder affecting repropruductive and metabolic indices. PCOS is commonly associated with a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and obesity, which than increase these patients' risks for developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. International Guidelines recommend lifystyle modification, metformin and hormonal contraceptives and bariatric surgery as the main treatment options in obese women with PCOS. Research and studies are being conducted to further evaluate the efficacy of existing treatment options as well as to find out new modalities. The article focus on numerous trials performed most recently to evaluate the validity of new agents in the treatment of women

In 1942, Fuller Albright first described POI when he reported a syndrome of amenorrhea, estrogen deficiency, and menopausal FSH levels in young women [2]. Subsequent investigators used the terms premature menopause, primary or premature ovarian failure and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or amenorrhea. However, since half of the women with POI have intermittent ovarian function and also the terms premature ovarian failure and premature menopause are more stigmatizing, Albright’s original terminology is considered more accurate and hence the term POI is currently used. Based on a retrospective chart review of 1858 women with normal female karyotype, POI affects 1 in 10,000 US women by age 20 years, 1 in 1000 by age 30 years, and 1 in 100 by age

Role of leptin in PCOS. Leptin is a hormone secreted mainly from the adipose tissue, serum levels of which are influenced by obesity, insulin resistance and the levels of sex steroids (androgens and estrogens) and insulin. It is mainly involved in the regulation of body weight by decreasing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Besides regulating the energy metabolism of the body, leptin has important actions on the reproductive system, which makes it an important link between the adipose tissue and hypothalamus– pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis (2). Long-term hyperinsulinemia in humans, as is the case in PCOS patients, stimulates leptin secretion from adipose tissue (9). Significantly higher leptin (P = 0.0028), and insulin concentrations, insulin: glucose ratio (IGR), and a significant correlation between leptin and fasting insulin concentrations, IGR, WHR and LH have been reported in obese PCOS women than in normal-weight women with PCOS. There is a significant negative correlation between leptin and LH concentrations, independently of either BMI or IGR, suggesting a possible involvement of leptin in LH hypersecretion (10). Estrogens increase, whereas androgens suppress leptin production, suggesting sexual dimorphism in leptin levels (2).