Polyhydroxyalkanaoate (3-Hydroxybutyrate

Morganella morganii is a gram-negative bacillus with no special arrangement. It is the third member of the tribe Proteeae. This bacterium was first discovered in the year 1906 by a British bacteriologist by the name of He. De R. Morgan. In the late year of 1939, the bacterium was named Proteus morganii, and again changed some years later due to findings that this bacterium did not obtain the ability to ferment all carbohydrates like the genus Proteus was capable of doing. Instead, researchers found the bacterium to have the capabilities of ferment only glucose and therefore its name had been changed one final time to Morganella (its own genus) morganii. While testing M. morganii, findings show that it has its own special characteristics that differ from the usual Proteea. M. morganii does not swarm on a nutrient agar plate like the typical Proteus would. It also does not produce the black precipitate found in Hydrogen Sulfide gas tests. M. morganii produces phenylalanine deaminase, which is the enzyme that wipes out the amino group, resulting in a phenyl pyruvic acid. It is a facultative anaerobe meaning that it is capable of producing energy in the form of ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present in its environment. If oxygen is not present in the environment, the bacteria is fully capable of producing energy in anaerobic environments as well. Morganella morganii can be found in the soil, water, and feces. The bacteria is a common resident to the

The ten most abundant bacterial families detected in our study were Koribacteraceae (Acidobacteria), Acidobacteriaceae (Acidobacteria), Sphingobacteriaceae (Bacteroidetes), Geobacteraceae (proteobacteria), Auto67-4W (Pedosphaerae), Acetobacteraceae (proteobacteria),

Unlike many environmental bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a remarkable capacity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. It has the ability to adapt to and thrive in many ecological niches, from water and soil to plant and animal tissues. The bacterium is capable of utilizing a wide range of organic compounds as food sources, thus giving it an exceptional ability to

The main purpose of this experiment is to synthesize, isolate, extract and characterize 4-methylcyclohexe. The reaction is performed by performing a combined reflux and distillation procedure on the reactant 4- methylcyclohexanol along with catalysts concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acid combined with heat. The combination of reflux and distillation procedure prevents the backward reaction through the formation of water. The reflux reaction is especially useful as the addition of heat during this process allows for an increase in the fraction of useful collisions. This allows the reaction to proceed faster.

It is a gram-positive soil organism. Arthrobacter sp. will grow and divide in nutrient- rich soil. They are rod- shaped, tan to yellow in color, and smooth and glossy in colonies. Under normal conditions, they can grow rapidly and divide once every 2-3 hours (Poxleitner, M, et al). This bacterium is tolerant to multiple metals and it is extremely resistant to elevated concentrations of chromate It is also used in the number of carbon sources for growth including glucose, fructose, lactate, succinate, malate and hydrocarbons (Nakatsu, C, et al). In the SEA Phage Project, Arthrobacter sp. would be helping to create more bacteriophage to continue on completing the main objective of this

Identifying this organic acid was an extensive task that involved several different experiments. Firstly, the melting point had to be determined. Since melting point can be determined to an almost exact degree, finding a close melting point of the specific unknown can accurately point to the identification of the acid. In this case the best melting point

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

Approximately 3.4 grams of K2HPO4 was weighed on a triple beam balance and dissolved in 100.00 mL of DI water by diluting to the mark in a volumetric flask. Similarly, 2.4 grams of NaHPO4 was weighed on triple beam balance and dissolved in 100.00 mL of DI water by diluting to the mark in a volumetric flask.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate(s) (PHA) are a group of natural biopolymers which are synthesised by a wide variety of microbial genera. They are biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics consisting of a repeated chain of various hydroxyalkanoate(s) (HA) monomers. PHA are intracellular carbon/energy storage compounds produced under stress conditions caused by nutrient limitation. Under restricted microbial growth conditions, excessive carbon sources are converted to PHA, which exist as discrete inclusion bodies (granules). The granules are typically 0.2 to 0.9 μm in diameter and are localised in a mobile amorphous state within the cell cytoplasm. As these granules are highly refractive they are clearly visualised under a phase contrast microscope

PHA is synthesized by bacteria under natural conditions (up to 30% of the dry weight of the bacteria), and up to 90% polymer by weight in dry bacteria if the fermentation conditions are carefully controlled, limiting oxygen and nitrogen.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) a unique class of optically active biopolymers is the most popular bio-plastics and is a potential contender in replacing some plastics synthesized by petroleum because of their biodegradable nature and physical properties. PHAs are somewhat similar to the well-known synthetic polymers that are low density polypropylene and polyethylene; furthermore the disposal of PHAs as bio-waste made them more attractive in the hunt of sustainable development of bio-plastic. These PHAs contained a class of polyesters naturally present which has been accumulated by many microorganisms intracellularly in form of granules and stored in response to nutrient limitation or environmental stress as a carbon reserve, energy and reducing

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are a heterogeneous matrix of polymers comprised of mainly polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (McSwain et al., 2005; Mishra and Jha, 2013). EPS are produced in two forms, either associated with the cell surface in capsular form (Sutherland, 1990) or loosely bound to the cell surface as slime polysaccharides (Suresh Kumar et al., 2007). The composition of EPS synthesised varies significantly and thus affecting the physico-chemical properties. Some of the EPS are neutral, but majority are polyanionic (Sutherland, 2001). In addition, the contents of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids was found to have substantial effect on the flocculation of bacteria (Sheng et al., 2005). EPS are synthesized intracellularly either throughout growth, late-exponential or stationary stage (Mishra and Jha, 2013). The rate of production

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) consist of two or more benzene-ringed compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. Compounds which are made of two rings are known as di- aromatics whereas those made of three benzene rings are known as tri- aromatics and so forth. As the number of rings increase, molecular weights of these compounds also increase and the compounds tend towards higher thermodynamic stability. Most common examples of PAHs are naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene etc.

LCFA exert an acute inhibitory effect on acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, acetogens, and to the β-oxidation itself (Kim et al., 2004; Lalman and Bagley 2000, 2001, 2002; Templer et al., 2006). Moreover, LCFA degrading bacteria have a very slow growth rate (Mackie et al., 1991). As a consequence, during anaerobic digestion of lipid-rich wastes, accumulation of LCFA is most likely phenomenon and subsequently, inhibition of the biomethanation occurs. Oleic acid is the major LCFA in various kinds of industrial and domestic lipid-rich wastewaters (Pereira et al., 2002). It was also reported as the most toxic LCFA (Cirne et al., 2007). Adsorption of LCFA to the cell wall (Koster and Cramer, 1987), and binding of LCFA to cell membranes, changing their surface property with interference in transport functions (Hook et al., 2010), have been suggested as potential mechanisms underlying inhibition by LCFA. Nevertheless, Pereira et al. (2004, 2005) observed mineralization of biomass-associated LCFA up to 5 g COD-LCFA g-1 volatile solids, and concluded that LCFA inhibition is reversible which is primarily caused by physical transport

Agro-industrial wastes are at most composed of complex polysaccharides that might serve as nutrients for microbial growth and production of enzymes, several microorganisms are capable of using