Polymerization Is The Four Major Groups Of Macromolecules

Polymers a large molecules made up of a chain of smaller molecules, known as monomers. The monomers that a polymer is made up of decide its structure and therefore it's function. These monomers are linked and coiled in a very specific manor giving the polymer a specific tertiary structure (an extensively coiled and linked polymer chain caused as a result of the formation of more bonds forming). This tertiary structure is crucial to the function of a polymer as it denotes the necessary shape of the complementary molecule. This is easier explained through an example.

They are all polymers made during dehydration synthesis reactions from monomers. These reactions result in the loss of water forming strong covalent bonds. They are referred to as endergonic reactions since they require an input of energy. Hydrolytic reactions are the opposite as they break polymers into single unit monomers using water and in the process releasing energy thus referred to as exergonic reactions (Gorrod, 1985). The monomer form of carbohydrates is a monosaccharide e.g. glucose (used for energy in cells), fructose and ribose. When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis reaction they form a disaccharide e.g. sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose. Sucrose is used for transport in plants. Polysaccharides consist of three or more covalently bonded monosaccharides. Starch and glycogen are good examples and are both used in energy storage in plants and animals respectively. Monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol while amino acids are monomers of proteins. Amino acids mainly function to regulate different cell functions as well as catalyze various cell reactions. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids and they function in storing the genetic information of a cell (DNA) and synthesis of proteins (RNA). All these monomers undergo dehydration synthesis reactions to form their corresponding polymers and are used in

3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically

When the two smaller reactants join together, water is produced and removed during the synthesis of the larger molecule. This is also called Dehydration Synthesis.

A polysaccharide is when a numerous amounts of monosaccharides are joined together forming a molecule. Both glycogen and starch are polysaccharides. Glycogen is a energy storage carbohydrate found in animals. Glycogen in comparison to starch is much more highly branched. Starch is a polysaccharide that functions as a energy carbohydrate store in plants. This can be found mostly in potatoes and cereals. It is formed by the bonding together of many of glucose subunits into long chains. The actions of hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to the reaction of water. In order for hydrolysis to occur water must be added to the compound

Polymerization: converts gaseous olefins, such as propylene and butylene, into larger molecules in the gasoline range.

This section will dealt with the main organic molecules in living things: carbohydrates, fats ( lipids ), proteins and nucleic acids.

84. ATP is a nucleotide made up of a base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.

Finally, all the nucleotides are joined to form a complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase. The two new DNA molecules form double helices.

Biopolymers are polymers (large molecules, consisting of many repeated subunits) produced by living organisms also known as organic polymers. An example of this is starch, which by chance is one of the most commonly used raw materials in creating Polylactic acid. DNA and RNA are both examples of Biopolymers that have been constructed from nucleotides.

three basic parts. There is a sugar called ribose, and at one end of the sugar

The human body is one of the most complex and fascinating things on this planet. There are five major groups of compounds that compose the human body. These are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, and water. These compounds are all very important to humans and without them humans would not be able to survive. Compounds have many functions that encourage a human cell and a human body to function.

To assemble a macromolecule polymer from monomers, the monomers must bond. This is a process known as a dehydration reaction, in which a water molecule is lost to form the bond. When this process occurs, each of the two bonded monomers provides part of the water molecule that was lost in the dehydration reaction: one contributes a hydroxyl group and the other a hydrogen. Dehydration reaction can take place over and over again, losing a water molecule every time, and forming a chain of monomers: a macromolecule. These macromolecules are disassembled by hydrolysis. This process is the inverse of a dehydration reaction: the covalent bond between the monomers is broken when water is added, a hydrogen attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl group attaching to the other.

A polymer is made up of many small molecules, which combine to form a single long or large molecule. The individual tiny molecules from which the polymer is formed are known as monomers (meaning, single part) and the process by which the monomer molecules are linked to form a big polymer molecule is called polymerization. The small molecules, which combine to form a big molecule, can be of one or more chemical compounds.

The three phases of actin polymerisation are the nucleation phase, the elongation phase and the equilibrium phase. A in the curve is the nucleation phase. A few G-actin subunits combine to form short oligomers. However these are unstable and readily dissociate. When three subunits bind together and transition to form a more stable oligomer with many subunit-subunit interactions, this can then act as a seed for actin polymerisation (often called the nucleus). The phase is sometimes referred to as the lagging phase, this is due to a delay in the time taken for G-actin to form these stable oligomers. This was proven in experiment when some preformed stable filaments were added in vitro at the beginning of polymerisation the lag was eliminated. This is followed by the elongation phase which is B on the curve. The elongation phase is more rapid, actin monomers are being added to both ends of the nucleus to form the actin filament, F-actin. As the F-actin filament grows G-actin monomer concentration is decreasing. In equilibrium or steady state phase C on the curve, a balance is reached between the F-actin filament ends and G-actin concentration.