The datasets used in this paper have been obtained from different sources. A description of the variables used in the analysis is explained in the following sections. 2.1 Population flow data The regional internal net population flow data from 2006 to 2014 financial years (FY) at the SA2 has been distributed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The SA2s in Australia are general-purpose medium-sized areas, aiming to represent a community that interacts together socially and economically. For example, population of the SA2 area usually ranges from 3,000 to 25,000 persons, and have an average about 10,000 persons . We use information from a total of 102 SA2s at the MDB area of the New South Wales (NSW) state (see S3). Considering …show more content…
This is possibly due to a number of droughts occurring during this time period, we will explore the issue further in this paper. Potter, Chiew, and Frost (2010) reported that the average annual rainfall for the period 1997 to 2006 was approximately 16% lower than of the long-term average. Runoff has been 39% lower over the same period. In addition, there was a consecutive severe drought period in Australia during the 2000s, known as the Millennium drought. We also observe that the net population flow decreases from about 73% of the SA2s during the 2006-2014 period (S4). 2.2 Socio-economic data Employment is often a key indicator for the population movement. Hence, in this paper, we use unemployment rate (%) as a factor in the model. The quarterly unemployment rate data is obtained from SLA Markets publications by the Department of Employment, Australian Government. To minimise the variability inherent in small area estimates, the Department provides smoothed data, i.e., a four-quarter average, at the SA2s from 2010. Before 2010 data are only available at the SLA . The SLA has a spatial misalignment with the SA2, and to overcome this issue we use the complex dynamic spatial modelling technique (Bakar, Kokic, & Jin, 2015) and estimate the quarterly unemployment rate from 2006 to 2009 at the SA2 level. Details of the modelling approach is provided in the supplementary section. To match the yearly
By the nineteenth century, Australia had a relatively affluent, well-housed, well-fed and a healthy population. The first increase in population occurred in 1830 when a bounty system, to catch escaped convicts, was introduced and immigration was assisted on a large scale. During the 1850’s the gold rushes bought the next influx of immigrants and Australia’s population more than doubled over a period of ten years. In this time before 1860, population grew largely due to immigration rather than natural increase. In most urban areas a higher rate of population or ‘an increasing degree of urbanisation’ may be gained through natural increase, from immigration or a sizeable movement from rural to urban areas. In Australia it was a merging of these three factors that encouraged urbanisation. Yet, over seas migration was the most important source of Australian metropolitan population growth, followed closely by natural increase. Rural to urban drift of population was much less important, except during the post gold-rush periods. The demographic variables such as age structure, fertility, mortality, and marriage rates were also of considerable economic, social and political significance, advancing
This section of the paper consists of three main parts. First, the research questions that will be addressed, the expected hypotheses and an identification of independent and dependent variables. Second, the supporting literature for the hypotheses is discussed. Third, a conceptualization (definition) and operationalization (measurement) of each independent and dependent variable. Research Questions
2. After reviewing data table 2, the populations that I chose to compare are black, Latino/Hispanic, and IEP. The black population has a mathematics proficiency of 69% and a reading proficiency of 77%, both are below target goal. The Latino/Hispanic population has a mathematics proficiency of 79% and a reading proficiency of 83%. Both are 1% and 2% above the target goal, respectively. The IEP population has a mathematics proficiency of 54% and a reading proficiency of 55%, which are very much below the target goal. I would be the most concerned with the IEP population because it has the largest number of students are below target in both mathematics and reading. There were 432 students that took the mathematics test and 47% or 199
Located in the Cook and Kane countries, in the northen part of the state of Illinois, Elgin registered an impressive population growth during the past 2 centuries.
Blacktown’s economic competitiveness is vulnerable by an inadequate supply of knowledge-intensive industries and also a supply of the required labour in the local government areas. This is evident in a record of statistical data relating to the number of people in Blacktown employed in management and professional occupation. In comparison to Blacktown to the rest of Sydney, it is conveyed that Blacktown city is significantly less by reading the analysis of the employment status of people aged 18 to 24 years (as a percentage of the labour force) in
Figure 3 presents the time trends of Gini coefficients. Particularly, it compares the Gini coefficients between the gateway communities and the entire US Lake States. Notably, Gini coefficients have dropped between 1990 and 2010, which means income distribution has been improved in this region. However, the Gini coefficients in the gateway communities have relatively been higher than those in the entire U.S. Lake States region, which raises a question of what causes this difference. Although such decreasing trends may be a good sign for the economies of the region, there is no guarantee that this trend will persist after 2010. As discussed in the previous sections, the economic shift may be one of the primary reasons affecting the change in Gini
These two authors analyse data in their own parts which avoid the different measurements. This is also one of the strengths of data analysis because these two authors can analyse the data according to what they are familiar with. This paper develops a thematic analysis process and clearly defines the stages such as coding, review and thematic developed. The final themes are presented in the paper using a mind map. The authors also give an example of the process of analysis to provide evidence that they analyse deeply. In the results and discussion part, some data are used as examples to support the authors’ ideas. This reinforces the convinces of the paper. Although the authors do not discuss that they take contradictory data into account, it can be assumed that they check and refine the final model after testing in Urbchester. As a result, the ideas that the authors come up with are credibility enough to trust. In conclusion, the data analysis is sufficiently rigorous in the whole
Rainfall is low and unpredictable in Australia. In summary, the environmental problems there are similar to Greenland under the Norse, including deforestation, overgrazing and soil erosion, but also salinization, introduced species, water shortage and man-made droughts (Diamond, 379).
In the year ending 31 December 2009, Australia's estimated resident population (ERP) had increased by 433,000 people to 22.2 million, a 2.0% increase from December 2008. This followed growth of 460,000 people (or 2.2%) between December 2007 and December 2008. The rate of population growth has become considerably faster since the mid-2000s. Over the two decades prior to 2006, the annual growth rate had averaged 1.3%, adding an average of 234,000 people per year in that period. The recent growth rate of around 2% per year is faster than at any other time in the past several decades, and faster than nearly all other developed countries.
The thirty data sets were plotted into a scatterplot and a linear regression analysis was used to show the
The data used to perform analysis has been taken from the case study only. The factors available are:
In 2009-2010, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania all recorded net interstate migration gains, while New South Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory had net interstate migration losses. Queensland has recorded positive net interstate migration for more than 30 years; in contrast, New South Wales has had net losses every year since 1978. However, any losses due to net interstate migration in 2009 were offset by growth due to natural increase (births minus deaths) and net overseas migration. [7]
The objective of this chapter is to describe the procedures used in the analysis of the data and present the main findings. It also presents the different tests performed to help choose the appropriate model for the study. The chapter concludes by providing thorough statistical interpretation of the findings.
Environmental aspects of water in Australia affect everything from plants, to animals, to humans. Australia is one of, if not the most, environmentally diverse countries on the planet. To the north you get tropical wetlands, the middle is full of arid desserts, and the south is a temperate landscape. Overall, Australia only gets an average of 18.3 inches of rain. But 80% of Australia’s land gets less than 20 inches of rain every year. This means that the ecological environment is specifically tailored to limited water resources. Australia’s unique lands often flood, experience droughts, and burn naturally. But as soon as any humans take over an area and start taking water resources for themselves, problems arise. Being as secluded as they are, Australians have learned to be majorly self-sufficient. While this in some aspects is seen as a sustainable aspect, it causes many issues with water as
gives the details the methodological issues and about data set. Section 5 gives the concluding