Position Paper

On April 9, 1946, Muslim League's Central and Provincial Legislators had requested through a determination that the six territories of Bengal and Assam in upper east and Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and Baluchistan in the northwest be constituted into a sovereign and the autonomous condition of

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

According to the conflict theory of dependency, Sudan was taken advantage of, then eventually left on its own. One

The Genocide in Sudan has gone through a serious phase, some of which overlaps, and continues to destroy the civilians identified with the Fur, Zaghawa, Mass alit and other “African’ tribes living in the Western Region. In researching, articles indicate Human Rights have described the traditional livelihoods of black Africans in Darfur as a huge crop. Most of these black African tribal populations grow their crop by farming millet and other grains, fruits, gum trees, raising herds of castle, camels, horses, donkeys, and other smaller animals. Unfortunately, the majority of Sudanese, African and Darfurians claim their living from the land they have to inherit over the generations, which they have to cultivate. The Africans that control the village has to report to the tribal leaders and the regional Sheikhs. Settling a dispute, land tights and the claims carried out through the people. This has to be oral arrangements and agreements, from a point of view, these people have the right to work the land and trade

Sudan has had internal problems for many years. The country negatively affected itself from within. No outer force caused the issues at hand. Sudan experiences their first civil war in 1956. The issue came from economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim and non-Arab southern Sudanese. The war lasted for about sixteen years and finally concluded in 1972. Unfortunately the violence

Soon after this new government and administration was established, conflict, unfortunately, came back again. It is important to note the environment that precipitated the conflict. Once South Sudan achieved their independence, the international community stepped away without giving much guidance. The government

Military regimes that favor Islamic-situated governments have controlled national politics since Sudan gained freedom from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. Sudan was entangled in two post-independence civil war amid the greater part of the rest of the twentieth century. These wars were based on the northern Muslims, Arabs economic, political, and social control of the more largely populated non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first war ended with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement, which granted significant regional autonomy to southern Sudan on internal issues. (CIA 2015)

Sudan is a country in which had been affected with a history of civil wars, inhumane acts, and genocide. The Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality movement began to attack government targets in early 2003, accusing the president of Sudan, Khartoum of oppressing Non-Arabs. The government reacted with a campaign of ethnic cleansing. This resulted in over 400,000 deaths and hundreds of villages destroyed, wells were poisoned, live stocked was killed and millions of people sent to camps. The Janjaweed were forced by Sudan to attack their villages, the Janjaweed militias raided hundreds of villages throughout Darfur. Over 400 villages and ⅓ of Darfur’s people have fled. More than 100 people die everyday, five thousand people die every month. The Sudanese government denies any connection with the Janjaweed, because they are the ones who are responsible for such inhumane actions.

We all belong somewhere. We all feel a connection towards a place that we call “home”. Yet this statement doesn’t apply to all people because not everyone is lucky enough to have a strong identity that they are certain about and that is linked to their country and culture. Sudan and South Sudan display great examples of countries that were once united as one nation but had had to split because their citizens had different perspectives of themselves and of their national identities. In addition, boundary disagreements over the distribution of resources worsened the conflict and made it harder for the Sudanese people to come to an agreement. Boundary conflicts, therefore, reveal that the loss of a common cultural and national identity among citizens weakens a nation’s unity and can result in loss of place.

Ethiopia is one of the oldest surviving countries in the world. While its current economic, societal, and political conditions are considered povertous from the viewpoint of a first world nation, the country has been a relative powerhouse in the Horn of Africa. It has a large military, gross domestic product growth, and a relatively stable international position compared to its neighbors. In the last 60 years, however, it has been continually embroiled in a border dispute with its neighbor Eritrea. Eritrea, a former province of Ethiopia, has fought against the larger nation’s control for decades, resulting in war in the 1990s and massive tension in the area since. This border conflict has the potential to flare once again and throw the

The current conflict broke out on 15th December, 2013. The purpose of this brief is to analyze the ongoing conflict in South Sudan and the position of Ethiopia in this conflict. We begin by examining the possible interest of Ethiopia and our capability or option to respond. South Sudan and Ethiopia have shared interest in the Nile and the geographic proximity of our states means that the conflict in South Sudan affects us directly. We will highlight the possible policy options that Ethiopia can impart in the current situation. It would not be in our best interests for the conflict to escalate beyond this. Finally we suggest possible steps that the state can take in reeling in the situation.

The U.S. must intervene in South Sudan, as it is an enduring interest within our National Security Strategy to maintain “An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity.” General Rodriguez, commander of AFRICOM, should employ both diplomatic and economic instruments of power. By doing so, the U.S. risks a potentially long-term engagement in East Africa.

From 1972 onwards, the government “usually ran Darfur through officials brought in from other parts of Sudan, mainly from Khartoum” (Darfur: Origins). What Britain did basically doomed Non-Arab Darfur to “a future as an underdeveloped colony of Sudan’s Arab-speaking Nile Valley heartland” (Darfur: Origins).

India thinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing materials as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000).

The genesis of the Kashmir issue is that in August 1947, when partition of the sub-continent took place, Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of undivided India, influenced Radcliff into awarding the predominantly Muslim district of Gurdaspur, situated in the East Punjab, to India. By this treacherous act, admitted by Lord Mountbatten himself on nation wide British television, the cruel Viceroy not only subjected a Muslim majority area to the cursed Hindu domination, it also sowed the seed from which could crop up the domination of India on another predominantly Muslim State Kashmir, because it is only through a narrow strap in the Gurdaspur district that India was linked with Kashmir. The canker in no time cropped up into the “Kashmir Problem” that has ever since proved to be a serious threat to the security of the South Asian region.