Positiv Insulin Pump Therapy Research Paper

Negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin because when the body doesn't produce enough insulin it takes glucose from the

The three most common ways to have insulin administers there are the syringes, an insulin pen, or an insulin pump. When injecting insulin you inject the insulin into the fat (not muscle) just under the skin. The abdomen is most common area because it is where the insulin is most quickly and evenly adsorbed. Insulin syringes are available today to make it easier to draw up the proper amount and smaller needles make the injections easier and try not to be painful. Automatic injectors can insert the needle and some will evenly insert the insulin for you. Insulin pumps are a computerized device that looks like a pager and is usually worn on your waistband, pocket, or belt. It releases steady doses of fast actins insulin throughout the day. More

Insulin pens are another common form of administration; pens can come in pre-filled or reusable forms (“Insulin” 57). Reusable pens only require a simple change of insulin cartridge and an attachment of a needle and the pen is ready for use (“Insulin” 57). Pre-filled insulins require no extra handling or mixing and they are ready for immediate use, however, this type of pen is more expensive than a reusable pen (“Insulin” 57). Lastly, there is the insulin pump. The insulin pump mimics the behavior of the pancreas and it is used for people who require for frequent injection, such as a person with type 1 diabetes (“Insulin” 57). While convenient, the insulin pump also carries risk for skin infection at the pump site or leaks within the pump (“Insulin” 58). If the pump malfunctions in any way, the amount of insulin the affected person is receiving could cause their insulin levels to fall dangerously low and in turn, cause diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetics (“Insulin” 58). A fairly new method of insulin administration is through the use of a nasal spray; in 2014, the FDA approved a new form of insulin called “Afrezza” (“Insulin”

Rapid-acting insulin— Three injected rapid-acting insulin analogs—insulin lispro, insulin aspart and insulin glulisine – are commercially available. The rapid-acting insulins permit more physiologic prandial insulin replacement because their rapid onset and ealrly peak action more closely mimic normal endogenous prandial insulin secretion than does regular insulin and they have the additional benefit of allowing insulin to be taken immediately before the meal without sacrificing glucose control.

An insulin injection is used to control blood sugar in people who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes when the body lacks insulin production. Type 1 diabetes is when the body does not make insulin and cannot control the amount of sugar in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is when the body cannot produce or use insulin normally to lower the high blood sugar level. Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it is a protein. The acid in the stomach would digest the insulin. An insulin injection stops the pancreas from producing more sugar and helps move the excess sugar from the blood to other body tissues where they can be used for energy. More than one type of insulin may be injected and is usually injected several times a day. Even though insulin helps

Within the pancreas endocrine cells are formed into islets, which are clusters of endocrine cells. These islets secrete insulin and glucagon, which are the blood glucose regulating hormones. Insulin is released from these islets when the blood glucose levels are too high. It activates muscle tissue and fatty tissue to take in extra blood sugar to help compensate for the high levels in the blood. When the levels are too high, the glucose can’t enter the cells and be used for energy. Glucagon is released when the blood glucose level is too low and helps the body release stored sugar into the blood. If blood glucose gets too low, then the body can’t function right. (“Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas”). Of these two hormones insulin is the more important of the two in regards to affecting glucose levels and with helping with the negative feedback loop for regulating blood glucose levels.

Homeostasis requires 3 major components. The receptor - alpha and beta cells, the control - Islets of Langerhans and the effector - the liver. The alpha cells secrete glucagon and the beta cells secrete insulin and are stimulated to release the insulin stored in the secretory vessels. Both alpha and beta cells respond directly to the glucose concentration of the blood. The Islets of Langerhans are found in the pancreas which is both and exocrine and endocrine gland, the tiny clusters of cells in the endocrine tissue is called the islets of Langerhans. They secrete two polypeptide hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a polypeptide of 51 amino acids, whose effect is to lower the blood glucose concentration. It stimulates the uptake of glucose by the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose (fat storage) tissue (the central nervous system can take up glucose independently of insulin). It promotes the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle. It also stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose in the liver. The Islets of Langerhans do not depend on the nervous system for their output of insulin; the cells respond

Homeostasis is a stable condition of the internal environment, when there are changes that occur in the body, the body is actively regulating itself to achieve homeostasis. This is attained by the interaction between the many organs and the body cells. These Homeostats are energy-consuming physiological mechanisms (Cannon 1932). This regulation of the homeostasis state meets with factors that resist change, for example; blood sugar is regulated by insulin. The negative feedback system, that controls these blood glucose levels, reacts by increasing blood glucose stimulates, which increases the insulin and therefore eliminates the glucose from the

Homeostasis is a healthy state that is maintained by the constant adjustment of biochemical and physiological pathways in the human body where a human is able to maintain stability, equilibrium and consistency needed to carry out its normal reactions. An example of homeostasis in humans is the maintenance of blood glucose levels which are maintained through the endocrine and nervous systems. Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar and is the only sugar found in the blood as fructose and galactose are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and is converted into glucose in the liver. Glucose is used by virtually all cells, including neurons (nerve cells) for cellular respiration. This sugar needs to be present in the blood at all times to fuel

The homeostatic mechanism that blood sugar regulation falls under is negative feedback. After blood sugar drops and glucagon is released, glucagon will increase blood glucose to an ideal value in order to maintain a stable internal condition. After sugar levels have returned to normal, glucagon release is then suppressed by rising blood glucose levels and insulin. After insulin is secreted due to increased blood sugar and muscle and fat tissues absorb the glucose, the glucose level will begin falling below a threshold, and beta cells will then inhibit secretion of insulin to restore homeostasis. There must be a working relationship between glucagon and insulin and they both must be operative in order to maintain a homeostatic balance.

One of the body's feedback systems is the reaction to a rise in blood sugar or glucose. This is a negative feedback system since there is something that is threatening the body and it needs to be fixed and regulated. When blood sugar rises above the "ideal" want/need for the body, the receptors in the body sense a change and send a message to the "control center". The control center in this feedback system in the pancreas. The pancreas receives this message and begins to release insulin- this will begin to lower the blood sugar. When enough insulin has been released to lower the amount of sugar in the blood the pancreas will stop secreting insulin because homeostasis is back in balance. This is an important feedback system because you can have

Homeostasis is the ability of the body’s organisms and/or cells to its internal conditions, usually through a system of positive and negative feedback controls, while dealing with external changes. The 3 components of a homeostatic system includes: the receptor, the integrator and the effector. The role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis is to stimulate and change many of the body’s important processes, which include: heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, water and glucose content in the blood. Thermoregulation is the process which allows for the body to maintain its internal core temperature; 37.10C. Osmoregulation is the maintenance of fluids in the body, by regulating the water and salt concentrations. Glucose regulation is the process

As previously stated the purpose of homeostasis is to maintain a constant internal environment. There are different components that enable this to happen within all control systems and these are: The Sensor, which senses and monitors the external and internal changes within a system; the sensor is generally the hypothalamus located within the brain. The sensor sends a signal to the controller; which is in charge of the effector. Once the controller has been given a signal it will either switch the effector on or off depending on what is required and the effector will generally secrete a hormone to change the state of the internal environment. The output will be the changes that have taken place. After this there is a mechanism called negative feedback, negative feedback is a vital part of homeostasis as it reverses the original changes that have taken place to maintain equilibrium within the body.

As can been seen in the diagram above, Insulin acts as an extracellular signalling molecule, attaching itself to receptors on the membrane of cells. This communicates a signal which triggers receptor proteins, Gluts, to allow the transfusion of glucose through the plasma membrane. This process causes a steady drop in blood glucose concentration and gives cells the necessary energy to function. Glucagon acts as a hormone which can raise the blood glucose level by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose as seen in the equation below. Glycogen is stored in the liver as an energy storage polysaccharide, however it must by broken down into glucose, as a monosaccharide, before it can become usable. Glucagon and insulin act as increase/ decrease effectors of a feedback system in order to maintain glucose concentration in the blood between about 80 and 130 mg/dl.

First I would like to start out with clarifying the different kinds of homeostasis in greater detail.