Positivism : The Positivist Approach

Positivism originated with August Comte. It was considered a philosophical approach that replaced speculation with science. Positivist theorists believe

What is crime? What makes people commit crimes and how can we stop it? These, and many other questions similar to these, are asked by criminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behavior. Two of the main criminology perspectives are Classical Criminology and Positivist Criminology. Although these two are both studied in the criminology field, their views are distinctly contradictory from each other. These two theories and many

There exists conflicting theories among sociologists in the area of determining why a person is considered to be a deviant, and the reasons behind why he or she has committed a deviant act. From a positivistic perspective, deviance is based on biological or social determinism. Alternatively, from a constructionist perspective, deviance is created and assigned by society. Both perspectives seek to give a theory for why a person may become known as deviant. Although they both view similar acts as deviant, the basic differences between positivists and constructionists theories are clear.

In media video on Theory X, Y, Z, David Gould explain about assumptions. Management witness and experience development with a model. In my research on Theory [Video file], businesses are collecting data, monitoring feedback, understanding topics, questions or concerns. In Theory X, Y and Z management is predicting outcomes with an acceptable model. Others in management will use a reasonable theory that validate with the facts and experiment ways to convert initiatives. Our future relates on past with critical information on key theories to make sense to better the world. My department recognizes that accomplished results-oriented dimension is particularly complex in areas such as recruitment, and appointment/hiring/firing, but it is of critical significance if department is too in actual fact monitor whether its programs are accomplishing their intended goals (Laureate Education (Producer), 2014i).

John makes it clear that scientific research is essential and is not as easy as following step by step. It takes time, dedication, and most of all determination. When someone is determined they will do whatever it takes, especially thinking out of the box, to accomplish their goal. Overall, the essay was presented in a logical and comprehensible way that allowed the reader to understand how essential yet possibly hard it can be to use scientific research.

This essay examines the advantages and disadvantages of using a method primarily for gathering research on human subjects that can be examined for later use. It will give a basic outline of the methods of investigation, their uses and their suitability. I will also look at the scientific method as a whole and examine the criticisms of this method using the writings of Hume and Popper.

1. Describe the racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Why is their disparity in the CJS?

Organizations tend to adopt three major theoretical perspectives that form the basis of their systems. The three include the open, rational and the closed systems (Scott, 2003). There is the crucial need to ensure one can understand these perspectives to understand how the organizations operate. The three perspectives are a representation of the scientific development of the organizations.

Step one, identify problems, the way to identify problems is a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant

An organization’s management roles can be quite different and diverse, depending on the industry, its culture and the ultimate goals of the organization. Managers on different levels of an organization play several roles and exercise multiple skills as they effectively and efficiently, integrate the work of people through planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Historically, there are three key management viewpoints: classical, behavioral and quantitative. To be an exceptional manager, it is essential to embrace a viewpoint

The Positivity School was introduced after the Classical School era. Moyer wrote, “Even though the Classical School was modified by the Neo-Classical School, it continued to dominate the study of crime until the latter part of the 19th century. During this period, society was transformed from the agrarian-based aristocracies of 18th-century Europe and the rural farmlands of the United States into a complex industrialized society. The rational emphasis of the Classical School was replaced with a scientific approach to the study of multiple factors that explain that causes of crime” (Moyer, 2001, p. 29). This new theory was very new for theorists considering the fact they were told that people have a free will to the choices they make. Then, in another theory they’re told that these free willed people choices could be affected by age insanity or incompetence. Now, theorists during this time are being told that crime is not rational behavior that can be deterred, but crime is caused by features within that person. Moyer stated, “This new theory argued that crime was not rationally reasoned behavior that could be deterred and controlled by punishment” (Moyer, 2001, p. 29) The Positivist School was a new theory, by a new theorist, who shared his views on his life (as the father of school), society, and crime and punishment.

Throughout this course I have learned many things about research at an introductory level. Research is a critical part of all of our lives in many ways. God blesses each of us with a degree of common sense and we all learn from observing others even as babies, we learned behaviors and skills by observing our parents. Walking through experiences throughout life teach us a lot we need to know as well but sometimes we have to take a better approach when we need to learn about certain things. Many of us know that what works in some situations or with certain individuals doesn’t always work or is the safest option for another situation. Controlled and precisely organized study allows scientists to compare and examine contrasting methods and concepts, also helps them to discover various approaches and be able to learn from individual’s behaviors and experiences. I will act as the case study throughout this paper in order to observe what I have learned about.

In this paper I will be addressing and discussing the two schools of criminology, which respectively are the classical school and the positivist school. I will begin by comparing and contrasting the historical background of both schools using the founders of each school. I will then continue the paper by comparing their assumptions, their findings and their key policy implications. I will do this by explaining each school’s purpose and goal. I will then argue and explain how the classical school is respectively stronger than the positivist school for being straight forward, concise and unbiased.

A positive organizational approach is really a matter of being able to integrate the competing demands that make up an organization” (Pace, 2010).

The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any research, post-positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research sets out a research project, it is their goal to find evidence that can either agree or disagree with the hypothesis or theories. Post positivism, compared to positivism allows more interaction with the participants of the research project and seeks to highlight the relationship between universal properties between the variables. The best way to understand post positivism is by comparing it to positivism and the interpretive paradigm. Compared to positivism, post positivism is more tolerant for value-based information, however is not focused on qualitative information like the interpretive paradigm, instead the research is mainly focused on quantitative data.