Post-Gricean Pragmatics

Often, we understand what is communicated to us, not by what we hear, but by what we see. This can be demonstrated in Albert Mehrebian’s Three Elements of Communication, that only 7% of what we understand comes from the words which are being used. 38 % is understood by the voice of the sender but an incredible 55 % of communication is done by body language. A tapping of the

Language, is a way for people to communicate and express their opinions between one another. Yet, another factor is important in engaging with language. This factor is the practice and context of certain words, used to emphasize opinions or generalizations. Through the accounts of Tannen, Sanders, and Hughes, the significance of certain words, and the many interpretations signaled by people of different perspectives, are discussed. The written texts centered around mostly the pragmatic aspect of language, the intentions of spoken or written expression.

Interpreting and mental processing. Cokely (1992), Taylor (1993), and later Russell (2002) illustrate in their research dissertations that the interpreting process, from the source message to producing an equivalent interpretation in the target language (ASL or English), occurs in nanoseconds. Researchers who assess the impact on message accuracy within an interpretation further support the need for preparation to assist in the production of a dynamic equivalent interpreted message. The less an ASLI/TiE knows about a subject results in more time spent on attempting to understand the content and meaning, thus impacting the target language message. Napier and Barker (2004), explain ASLI/TiE’s “decontextualize each original utterance to a certain extent so that it is a separate unit and can be recontextualized as a new utterance in the ‘flow of talk’” (p. 373) as part of the mental interpreted process. In doing so effectively the

produced” (Hall 1997a, p. 1). For instance, Jean Kilbourne points out that over the past several

In this paper, I will inform of three concepts from the textbook Communication Matters, Second Edition by Kory Floyd that was most beneficial to my learning throughout the course of Speech 1700. The three concepts I selected to discuss of are affect displays, belief, and scripted speech. In addition, I will explain each concept that I selected by providing a necessary theoretical background and general examples. Moreover, I will discuss of each concepts and its benefits to my learning of communication. Furthermore, I will discuss of each concept 's importance in my daily communications and my application usage in personal and professional settings. Lastly, I will conclude of the overall experience learning of communications and the three concepts I selected that I found beneficial to my daily communication.

The study of human communication in the physiological and in the psychological field are paramount as they are understood as the basis of mankind. As a collective human race, people have been able to evolve due to the ability to talk and to listen, which eventually lead to reading and writing. Linguistics allows for the recording and collecting of historical documents and data that has been passed down to generations as a form of knowledge. Conversational exchanges are a significant way one can indicate to the other some sort of behavioral response; whether it be asking for an object or for assistance in performing a task. Also in an instance where one is asked a pedagogical question, there is a given window for a response that prompts learning.

With the continual development of human society, language is developing as a tool which of people using it to express thoughts and communicate with each other. In all the elements of language, the change of lexicology is fastest and the most remarkable. Figurative palys an important role in the evolution og semantics, and the most part of importance in figurante are figurantive idioms. Any developed language contains a large amount of idioms, and

Scholars such as Jonson and Toulmin (1988) emphasized the centrality of argumentation in rhetorical interaction. In his publication entitled the ‘philosophy of rhetoric’ I.A Richards (1936:7-11) criticized the ‘proper meaning superstition’ and adopted different stand to that of the classical period where rhetoric was confined to persuasion, for him the study of meaning represent the backbone for the study of rhetoric. For I.A. Richards words can have various meanings and consequently will result in ambiguity of meaning.

Mead’s theory states the civilization we live in today is only here because of symbolic interactionism. Rather, without the different forms of communication human life would not be as advanced or intellectual. According to Mead, humans react towards others based on the perception we create of that individual in our head. Furthermore, humans cannot do this independently, but rely heavily on other’s perceptions to justify their own. Mead discusses how meaning is not pre-determined, but it is brought to light through symbolic interactionism. Mead proposes that there is an individualistic approach to the meanings of different symbols. The shortage

It is difficult enough to interpret words accurately, in fact, there are no doubt more misinterpreted messages than not (Cherney and Tynan, 1990). When the element of nonverbal is incorporated, the rate of misinterpretations increases dramatically (Elgin, 1980).

In all communication events, unless there is a relationship between actions and words, the message can be wrongly interpreted. I observed a conversation between a bartender and a customer in busy and crowded bar. The customer wanted the buy one more double bourbon but the bartender refused to sell to him. This resulted in a series of communication theories, which will be analysed later.

When studying communication, there are certain assumptions to be made. These assumptions vary depending on the paradigm that the researcher is following. In the Interpretive Approach, the major assumption is that humans construct their own reality, and researchers must tap into and understand that reality. This could not be truer, as everyone has their own perception of the world around them and reality in general. It is also assumed that the focus will be on the communicator. The Interpretive Approach draws focus on the creativity of humans rather than our predictability. Following the

Scholars attribute that communication phenomenon involves the exchange of information from a communicator to the recipient. The exchange requires a contextual understanding of the message between the recipient and communicator. The message is usually encoded in the means of communication and has to be decoded by the recipient to understand. Subsequently, a phenomenon that is located in an interaction-oriented by a speaker to a recipient can be deemed as a communication phenomenon (Goldhaber,20). A common question that communication phenomenon scholars ask is that, how do people communicate? People communicate through talking and behavioral bodily gestures accompanying that talk. Talking is thus regarded as the primary

Our communication process or the way we attribute symbolic meanings to words and gestures, in order to express ourselves is shaped by the society in which we evolve. This shared use of codes within a given group of persons, also leads to a common philosophy of life, ideas or

We use the language every day to communicate with each other in order to learn and produc.in other words we need language to cooperate.