Posterior Muscles

vastus medialis. Collectively the quadriceps muscle is the biggest in the human body and its purpose is to expand the knee. The specific task of the vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower leg and allow the body to rise up from a squatting position.(Hannan et al, 2000).

The biceps femoris is one of the three muscles including the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus, that make up the group of muscles called the hamstrings. The hamstrings are located on the posterior side of the leg. The biceps femoris originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula. The movement of the biceps femoris is responsible for the flexion of the knee and the external rotation of the lower leg. Flexion of the knee happens when the back of the foot is raised toward the back of the leg.

Hip flexors (Psoas major, rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis)

Next is the semitendiosus muscle with the point of origin at the ischial tuberorsity and insertion at the upper anterior medial surface of the tibia. The action of this muscle is extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee. The soleus is a muscle located near the ankle and foot. This muscle’s origin is the posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal 2/3 of the posterior tibial surface. The point of insertion is the posterior surface of the Achilles tendon. The intended action of this muscle is plantar flexion of the ankle. The final muscles come from the trunk and spinal column. Rectus abdominus has a point of origin at the superior surface of the pubis around syphysis and an insertion at the inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and the xiphoid process of the sternum. The intended action of this muscle is to depress the ribs and flex the vertebral column. Transverse abdominus is the next example. Its origin is the cartliges of the lower ribs, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia. The point of insertion is the linea alba and pubis, and the intended

The knee joint is a hinge joint that connects the femur to tibia. The anterior muscles of the quadriceps and the posterior muscles of the hamstrings help stabilize the knee joint (Prentice & Bobo & Benson, 2014). The ACL consists of long rope like bands that fasten bones together to keep the knee stable. The ACL is one of four ligaments that stabilize the knee, and it is one of the most injured ligament in the knee. The medial and collateral ligaments run along the outside of the knee and prevent the knee from shifting side to side, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are located inside the knee and prevent the knee from shifting forward and backward (Prentice & Bobo & Benson, 2014). All these muscles and ligaments work together to keep our knee stabilized

Loyola University Medical School states that the gluteus medius’ origin is the outer surface of the ilium between posterior and middle gluteal lines, and that its insertion is the posterolateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. It also states that its action abducts and medially rotates the hip, and tilts

However, there was no significant difference in tactile acuity between the involved (15.69 ± 11.02) and uninvolved (11.58 ± 7.40) mid-foot as well as between the involved (12.38 ± 8.49) and uninvolved (11.20 ± 7.47) forefoot. There was also no significant difference in plantar fascia thickness measured [prone in subtalar joint neutral (STJN), prone STJN with all toes dorsiflexed, and standing in STJN] between involved [2.86 ± 0.95, 3.04 ± 1.36, and 3.27 ± 1.25] and uninvolved feet [3.10 ± 0.94, 3.31 ± 1.03, and 3.54 ± 0.99] respectively. All plantar fascia thickness measured less than 4 mm, indicating that there is no longer local tissue pathology. Moreover, no significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion or in mean great toe extension between involved and uninvolved feet were noted. Finally, there were also no significant differences found in pain pressure threshold between the most painful sites of the involved (5.91 kp ± 3.08 kPa) versus the uninvolved (11.98 kp ± 13.46 kPa) foot as well as between the hand web space of the involved (7.31 kp ± 5.50 kPa) versus the uninvolved (5.04 kp ± 2.61 kPa)

The excessive side to side movement of knee joint is prevented by LCL. The Medial Collateral ligament is located on the inside of the knee joint and spans the distance from the top of the tibia to the end of the femur. The MCL resists widening of the inside of the joint of the knee.

The quadriceps femoris, most commonly referred to as quadriceps, comes from Latin, which means, "four-headed muscle of the femur." These are large muscle groups that include the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. Quadriceps are also divided into four portions, or heads, hence from the Latin origins. The quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint. These muscles are crucial for walking, running, jumping, and squatting.

During walking and running, leg muscles produce forces that impact the tibiofemoral joint. These forces can have a negative impact on the development, health and maintenance of the cartilage and meniscus in that joint (and increased load on the knees and the tibiofemoral joint can result in osteoarthritis). The tibiofemoral load is varied depending on the muscle coordination patterns. The laboratory created a musculoskeletal model of subject to analyze the tibiofemoral load, and an optimization framework to calculate the load from muscle coordination. Using the model and optimization framework, the laboratory was able to understand the impact of different muscle coordination on the tibiofemoral load. The laboratory was able to precisely predict tibiofemoral forces when compared to in vivo measurements during the early stance phase, but overshot its prediction during the late stance phase. The over-prediction of the tibiofemoral load was due to the extended activity of the gastrocnemius and the rectus femoris. The laboratory was able to modify the activity of these two muscles to increase resemblance with in vivo measurements. The laboratory was also able to identify distinct changes in muscle activity that could decrease tibiofemoral load. A decrease in activation of the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius and an increase in activation of the soleus, gluteus medium and uniarticular hip flexors can decrease the tibiofemoral forces during late

Furthermore, those with achilles tendinopathy displayed differences in the timing and amplitude of a number of lower limb muscles. The onset of tibialis anterior activity was significantly delayed, and the duration of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius activity was increased in those with achilles tendinopathy. In addition, those with Achilles tendinopathy displayed reductions in the amplitude of gluteus medius and rectus femoris shortly before or after heel strike. Also, altered plantar pressures and ground reaction forces and showed a reduced peak tibial external rotation moment on individuals with Achilles

Fast-twitch oxidative fibers will be found in muscles that are used for standing or walking. Lastly, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers will be found in muscles that are not normally used, such as muscles used during sprinting (Silverthorn, 2009). The muscles of the calf include the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The main function of the gastrocnemius is plantar flexion. This allows humans to point their toes away from the body. The gastrocnemius has more fast-twitch muscle fibers than slow-twitch muscle fibers. This is because it is used for forceful contractions (Anonymous A, 2012). While the soleus also shares the function of plantar flexion with the gastrocnemius, it is also a leg stabilizer. The soleus contains many slow-twitch muscle fibers which are important for stabilization and posture of the leg (Anonymous,

The calf muscle - also called the sura - is actually a pair of muscles, the gastorcnemius and the soleus, each of which requires slightly different calf exercises to target. The calf muscle is found on the anterior portion of the leg and is connected to the foot via the Achilles tendon. An often-overlooked muscle, the calf is exceedingly important for mobility, as it plays a large part in the motions of walking, jumping, and running. To keep mobility at its best, strong, resilient calf muscles are a must, and the best way to keep them in shape is through calf exercises.

The knee is a joint that is located about halfway between the hips and the feet. It is the place where three long leg bones, the femur or thigh bone, the tibia and the fibula or shin bones, meet at the patella, or knee cap. There are also ligaments, tendons and cartilage that connect the bones to one another and allow for movement of the leg. The tibia is the larger shin bone and it is located in the front. The fibula is in the back of the shin. At the website, Brain Lab (2017) it say, “Two ligaments are located on the outside of the knee joint. These ligaments connect the femur to the tibia and the fibula. They help manage side-to-side movements in the knee” (Brain Lab, 2017).

A cow has many different muscles throughout its skeletal system. The Masseter is a muscle in the cheek that helps the cow with chewing and biting. The Trapezus is a triangular muscle that helps move the front appendages. The appendages is the legs or something that sticks out and needs help moving. The Latisimus dorsi is a long muscle that attaches the humerus bone to the forearm. The abdominal obliques are large muscles that run along its side and aid in supporting the organs used in digestion and reproduction. The gluteals are located in the upper backside region, and it helps with real leg movement. Biceps Femorous is a muscle is found in the rear leg of the cow. The Biceps Brachii helps to allow the cow to flex its front legs.The Triceps