Postmenopausal Bleeding Research Papers

In endometriosis, this endometrial tissue begins to grow in places outside the uterus. Typical sites include the fallopian tubes, intestines, vagina, and on scars that my form after abdominal surgery. The misplaced endometrial tissue thickens, engorges with blood and bleeds during the menstrual cycle, just like the normal tissue in the uterus. However, there is no place for the abnormally placed endometrial tissue outside the uterus to shed blood. This results in the formation of cysts, scars, and adhesions. This process can also block or affect the fallopian tubes so that conception and pregnancy are less likely to happen. It can also result in complete infertility. Other symptoms of endometriosis are often associated with heavy or painful periods. Risk factors for the development of endometriosis include having a mother or sister with the disorder, never having children, starting the menstrual period at an early age, and frequent or long periods. According to Dr. Camron Nezhat, Laparoscopic Surgeon at Stanford University, 5.5% of women in the U.S are infected with Endometriosis and 30% to 40% are infertile as a result of it.

Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when the ovaries stop producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone, and menstruation ceases. The absence of hormones and a monthly period prevents pregnancy from happening. Though many women mistake the years leading up to their last period as menopause, this, is perimenopause, the term used for the transition. Women may assume that pregnancy is not possible at any stage leading up to menopause, but this simply is not true. If you are still producing hormones to ovulate there is a chance of pregnancy, and contraception is still necessary. It is important that women at this stage in their reproductive health seek the advice of an OBGYN to discuss the need

This paper will explain what every woman, teenager, and parent who has female daughter’s needs to know about endometrial cancer. It is important for women to educate themselves about this common disease, but it is also important for parents. If you have abnormal vaginal bleeding that is not related to menses, there is a clear vaginal discharge, you have long and / or heavy bleeding after the age of 40, difficult or painful urination, pain in the pelvic area, or if you feel any kind of pain after intercourse, that it is

The ultrasound machine has seven different parts, “the first part which is the most important part which is referred to the “eyes and the ears of the human body” which is called the transducer probe, which sends and receives sound waves. The second part of the machine is the CPU ( central processing unit) and it is a computer that does all of the calculations and contains the electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe. Then the third part of this machine is the transducer pulse control, it changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe. Next is the display, the display,

Etiology: uterine tumor is caused by excess estrogen from two different sources first one is exogenous sources such as replacement therapy of estrogen or tamoxifen use. Endogenous sources like obesity ]1[ and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with an ovulatory cycles, or tumors that secrete estrogen such as granulose cell tumors.[2] The symptoms: [3] uncommon bleeding of vaginal or discharge, dysuria, pain in Pelvic region, Pain during , Weight loss and pain during sexual contact . Diagnosis: 1) a uterine biopsy, dilatation and curettage, 2) using specialized viewing scopes to that detect the tumor of the uterus and tissues that surround it by observing the reproductive tract, digestive tract, and urinary tract.3) Internal imaging procedures, X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).After diagnosis, determine its stage to indicate the progression of the cancer. First stage cancer is located within uterus, while second stage tumor spread to the cervix. Then in Stage three malignancy spreading to vagina, lymph nodes present in the same region, or peritoneum. Stage four cancer spread to different organs such as the bone, lungs, bladder or digestive tract. After

There was also a large 3.3 x 3.8cm intramural fibroid at the fundus of the uterus and a 2cm left ovarian follicle or cyst.

Gynecological researchers consider that the increase in the incidence of this type of tumor is related to the presence of exogenous estrogens in the environment, classifying these uterine fibroids as hormonally responsive tumors.

Echocardiography makes use of the properties of sound waves to identify tissues based on their densities. It differentiates tissue due to the fact that the speed of sound waves is dependent on the elastic properties and density of the medium it is travelling in, also known as the acoustic density of the tissue. The test uses ultrasound which have frequencies >20 KHz. Sound waves are generated by electrically stimulated piezoelectric crystal medium which then travels through an interface between tissues such as myocardium and blood. A

These are some of the conditions of cancer in women. It is required for women to undergo some tests like the Pap test and mammogram regularly to detect cancer early and to avoid

Piezoelectric effect was discovered by Currie brothers in 1880. Further, in 1927, Loomis, wood studied the ultrasound therapeutic ability. In 1940, Ludwig and Struthers published first research paper on ultrasound. It was the first pulse-echo mode ultrasound for the detection of gallstones in animal tissues. Howry and Bliss, in 1950 were succeeded in analyzing and depicting the anatomic details of an organ in water bath using B-mode technology. Ultrasound (US) is most widely used diagnostic modality which is cheap as compared to other imaging modalities. Some of its advantages include non-ionizing radiations, real-time data availability, large & scalable imaging depth, portability and cost effectiveness. A highly advanced ultrasound came to a stagnant phase when its hardware was improved along-with its software and algorithms. So, the only place to expand the scope was imaging at cellular and molecular scale. Additionally, providing diagnostic information beyond that of conventional sonography, and usage of contrast agents. To address the cellular and molecular scale, the idea was to spatially localize the contrast between diseased and the health tissue. It is realized that

Endometriosis occurs when the endometrial tissue, normally located inside the uterus, lines the outside. The condition most commonly affects the ovaries and peritoneum, and affects approximately 10% of women in the United States (Barnhart et. el. 2002). The misplaced endometrial tissue continues to act as it would in the usual situation; the tissue thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with the menstrual cycle. Since there is no exit path for the tissue to leave the body, the tissue becomes trapped inside the abdomen, causing severe pain (Mayo Clinic, 2013).

What is the disease that is common in women and binds organs together ? There is a common disease which do that and it is call endometriosis. Endometriosis is a frequently agonizing issue in which tissue that typically lines within your uterus , and it develops outside your uterus. Endometriosis most generally includes your ovaries, inside or the tissue covering your pelvis. Infrequently, endometrial tissue may spread in the pelvic 1.“Endometriosis is defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the confines of the uterine cavity and musculature. Thoracic endometriosis which involves components of thoracic cavity (e.g., pleura, parenchyma, diaphragm, bronchus).

There are two main types of cancer of the uterus, uterine sarcomas and endometrial carcinomas. Endometrium cancer begins when the tissues of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) begin to grow out of control.1 There are many subtypes of endometrial cancer based on the histology of the cells. Endometrial cancer is furthermore, graded based on how much the cancer forms and glands that have the similar morphology of healthy and normal endometrium glands.2 Endometrial Cancer primarily affects woman of postmenopausal age and some of the risk factors include, things that affect hormone levels, like taking estrogen after menopause, birth control pills, or tamoxifen; the number of menstrual cycles (over a lifetime), pregnancy, obesity, certain ovarian tumors, and polycystic ovarian syndrome, use of an intrauterine device, age, diet and exercise, diabetes, family history (having close relatives with endometrial or colorectal cancer, having been diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer in the past, having been diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia in the past and treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis to treat another cancer. 3

Endometriosis is the name of a chronic condition characterized by the abnormal development of the endometrium – the tissue that grows inside the uterus- meaning that the tissue grows outside the uterus. The growth may occur on the ovaries, on the fallopian tubes, in the bladder, the bowel, near the rectum and other related sites. In other cases, the endometrial growth expands in the abdomen and- less commonly- the lungs. It was also noticed in the abdominal surgical scars, arms, and thighs.

This enabled the accurate diagnosis of dermoids, hemorrhagic cysts, endometriomas, uterine fibroids, and fibrous tumors of the ovary.