Postmenopausal Women With Hip Fractures

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis if often called the "silent disease" because bone loss occurs without symptoms. People may not know that they have the disease until their bones become so weak that sudden strain, bump, or fall causes a fracture or a vertebra to collapse. Collapsed certebrae may initially be felt or seen in the form of severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities such as kyphosis or stooped posture. Certain people are more likely to develop osteoporsis than others. Factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis are called "risk factors." The following risk factors have been identified: Being female thin and/or small frame, Advanced age, a family history of osteoporosis Postmenopause, including early or surgically enduced menopause. Abnormal absence of menstral period, anorexia, nervosa, or bulimia. A diet of low in calcium use of certain

• Vitamin D deficiency[9] - low circulating Vitamin D is common among the elderly worldwide.[10] Mild vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) production. [10] PTH increases bone reabsorption, leading to bone loss. A positive association exists between serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels and bone mineral density, while PTH is negatively associated with bone mineral density.[10]

Osteoporosis occurs when bones lose their strength and density. They become fragile, weak, and brittle, this means that the bones are more likely to fracture. Osteoporosis particularly affects women after menopause and in their later years. However, some men may also be affected. Activity and a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D can help prevent osteoporosis. It affects one of every two women and one out of every five men, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Insufficient Vitamin D supply/intake: Vitamin D assists the absorption of calcium from the intestines. A lack of vitamin D causes bone to have insufficient calcium, which further weakens bones and increases the risk of

Due to increasing number of elderly population the number of hip fractures are increasing worldwide. The growth of elderly population is more seen in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa than in Europe and North America. The incidence rates of hip fractures are different from population to population, As the population ages, worldwide, the mean age of hip fractures is also increasing. Studies have shown hip fractures are around two times more common in female than they are in male; this phenomenon is due to women’s lower bone mass and density comparing in

Nearly 55 million Americans are estimated to have osteoporosis, making it one of the most common diseases among American seniors. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 50 percent of women and 25 percent of men over the age of 50 will end up a broken bone as a result of osteoporosis. In fact, according to May Clinic,

“Worldwide, osteoporosis causes more than 8.9 million fractures annually, resulting in an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds” (Johnell, 2006 ). Making Osteoporosis a severe musculoskeletal disease. We will cover any the expected findings, signs and symptoms that you will find upon your assessment. It will also cover the routes of treatments, medications and preventive measures to emphasize to your client and the results and complications that can arise if these rules cannot be met. It will conclude with detailed nursing interventions as well as risks and what to express to your client upon discharge.

Background: Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease and is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue and disruption of bone architecture, compromised bone strength, and an increase in the risk of bone fracture. The World health organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as having a bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip or the lumbar spine of less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations below the mean BMD of a young-adult reference population. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), NOF has estimated that more than 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.2 About one out of every two Caucasian women will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture at some point in her lifetime, as will approximately one in five men.

This increase in bone loss results in the condition called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in turn increases the susceptibility of bones to fractures. Studies have indicated that treatment with hormone replacement therapy is beneficial in reducing the risk of suffering from osteoporosis. The clinical trial carried out by Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) for three years revealed that osteoporosis was reduced in hormone replacement therapy. This study demonstrated that the independent use of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) or in complex with progesterone analogs fostered an increased bone-mineral density. The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) was carried out separately in about three-thousand women (Herrington 12). This study indicated that bone density was significantly higher in women who underwent the therapy. The women who had been assigned placebos showed a slightly higher rate of bone loss. This shows that hormone replacement therapy confers the benefit of alleviating bone loss and maintaining healthy amounts of bone minerals (PEPI;

Osteoporosis is a secondary aging musculoskeletal disorder that increases bone degeneration and disruption of bone mineral development. A major challenge with treating osteoporosis lies in the difficulty of diagnosing it in the early stages, because no symptoms appear until an actual complication such as a bone fracture occurs. Thus, osteoporosis is known as a “silent disease” (Cosman, 2014). During the childhood years, bones normally grow in size and strength until the person’s peak bone mass has been reached at approximately 20 years old. Around 40 to 50 years old, men and women are affected by age related decline in bone mass (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.). Women above 40 years old and of Chinese or Caucasian ethnicity are of high risk for developing osteoporosis (Wilbiks lecture, 2014). Other risk contributions to the condition include old age, female gender, small body size, low calcium and vitamin D, decrease of estrogen, lack of exercise and genetics. A slender, thin-boned tall woman is at greater risk for osteoporosis compared to a woman with a proportional amount of fat, bone and height. To prevent the development osteoporosis, people who are at high risk should take preventative measures, and this guide suggests three methods that have been supported by various researchers: 1) Supplementing calcium into diet; 2) Changing lifestyle patterns; and 3) Quitting smoking. All these preventative measures have been shown to

The most common reasons for seniors to have bone fractures are trauma, usually associated with a fall, and osteoporosis.

In this condition, the bones get eroded, become weak and fragile hence more prone to fractures. Vertebrae fractures as a result of osteoporosis may lead to spinal injuries and debilitation. Unlike during childhood, bone growth and repair in old people is impaired. Thus, management of fractures poses a lot of challenges to the physicians. Factors that predispose to osteoporosis include COPD, menopause (due to the reduction in estrogen secretion in women), mal-absorption syndromes, heavy alcohol intake, smoking and use of certain medications that decrease the bone

Bone is living tissue that cyclically breaks down and is replaced. Osteoporosis happens when the rate of new bone creation flags behind the removal of old bone. This causes bones to become weak and brittle. In severe cases, falls or mild stresses—like bending over or coughing—can cause a fracture. These fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone density, decreased bone strength, and a change in the bone structure, which can lead to an increased risk of fracture. (Cretu, Gherghel, 2010) With osteoporosis the dense bones in the body begin to become porous and thin, lessening the activities of daily living. This bone disease is well known for sneaking up on patients as it has no symptoms other than non specific back pain. This can be very dangerous because most patients just think theyre having non specific back pain because theyre getting older, so they never even report it to their physicians. Until finally a fracture occurs just from bumping into a desk orfrom a fall. According to Morrison (2015), “Thin bones are the cause of one and a half million fractures per a year in the United States; hip fractures