Postnatal Motor Development Case Study

Smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy could lead to the placenta not developing fully. As the placenta carries oxygen and blood to the foetus this may impair growth and link to low birth weights. Babies born to smoking mothers are 30% more likely to have a premature baby which could lead to respiratory distress, problems feeding and they could have difficulty regulating their body temperature. Babies undergo withdrawal like systems and tend to be more jittery and harder to settle. Babies being brought up in a smoking household are at increased risk of cot death and may go on to develop asthma during childhood.

Pathophysiology: Tobacco smoke contains 1000 different compounds including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, carcinogens. The two main compounds that cause harmful effects on a developing fetus is nicotine and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen for hemoglobin. Which when Carbon monoxide and hemoglobin combine they form boxy hemoglobin which is unable to carry oxygen, which leads to decreased oxygen delivery to the fetus and fetal hypoxia. Nicotine has cardiovascular and central nervous system effects. Nicotine is known to cross the placental barrier causing levels in the amniotic fluid and fetus 15% higher than the mother. The effects of cigarettes can remain with the fetus the rest of their lives. Ranging from

Your baby may be affected by nicotine and toxic substances in your breast milk, secondhand smoke, and thirdhand smoke.

One out of five babies who's mothers smoke while pregnant are born with low birth weight. Cigarettes contain more then 4,000 chemicals but even though none of these chemicals are good for a baby nicotine and carbon monoxide are what effects the baby most. Nicotine and carbon monoxide get into the babies bloodstream, the only source of oxygen and nutrients. When nicotine and carbon monoxide work together and

Smoking well pregnant can expose your child to harmful chemicals. Some of the chemicals in smoke won’t allow oxygen to the blood stream, such as carbon monoxide. Nicotine causes less oxygen and nutrients reach the fetus.

Introduction: A lot has been said about the relation between maternal smoking and infant mortality in the recent past. According to a report from CDC, the infant mortality rate for 2013 was 5.96 infant deaths per 1000 live births. Sudden infant death syndrome was found to be the 4th leading cause of infant mortality (Kochanek, Xu, Murphy, Miniño, & Kung, 2011). Maternal cigarette smoking is an

The authors view to smoking during pregnancy or smoking at any stage as exposing yourself and some one else to toxic chemicals and unmerciful disease. The author out lined that the carbon monoxide and nicotine and other more than 4000 chemical that exist in cigarette as the main cause to health problems

Among the many environmental factors that can affect infant learning, prenatal cigarette exposure has proven to be a topic of interest in behavioral teratology due to the large number of health effects it is associated with. Some of the health effects of prenatal cigarette exposure include: lower birth weight, smaller head circumference, lower IQ, attention dysfunction, hyperactivity and other conduct problems, as well as school failure (Mezzacappa, E., 2011, p. 881-891). There are some human studies that investigate the cognitive deficits related to prenatal cigarette exposure which include: auditory, visual attention, and working memory issues.

Tobacco use also correlates with the amount of milk a mother is able to produce. According to Lisa Amir and Susan Donath “nicotine levels in breastmilk of women who smoke are almost three times higher than the level in the mother’s blood”. That quotes shows how tobacco use will affect the mother as well as the child when its born. A mother’s milk is a major component for the child to continue to receive nutrients after they are birthed. Therefore for a mother to use tobacco use while pregnant will cause issue. Likewise, tobacco use affects the placenta for example, “ Smoking can cause problems with the placenta—the source of the baby 's food and oxygen during pregnancy. For example, the placenta can separate from the womb too early, causing bleeding, which is dangerous to the mother and baby” (Tobacco use and pregnancy. Web). That quotes proves

The objective of this study is to assess the risk factors such as socio-economic factors, demographic factors, maternal characteristics, negative effects on babies, and bring awareness of how tobacco use can affect low birth weight, respiratory complications, preterm birth , the development, the control over their emotions/behaviors and learning abilities, and overall health of the pregnancy and child in question.

Exposure to second hand smoke, also called involuntary smoking, occurs when non-smokers breathe in the cigarette smoke from others around them. Second hand smoke is harmful to both pregnant women and infants (NTP). Paternal smoking reduces birth weight by about 2 oz. (Berger 115). After birth, babies exposed to cigarette smoke may experience more colds, lung problems, and even ear infections.

It has come to light more recently about the health hazards that are associated with inhaling second-hand smoke. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), secondhand smoke can cause numbers of diseases and conditions including stroke, lung cancer, coronary heart disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and low birth weight. The study conducted by Pogodina, Brunner Huber, Racine, and Platonova (2009), focuses on the connection between environmental tobacco exposure (ETS) and the risk of having a low birth weight (LBW) infants. After conducting the study the researchers came to the conclusion that infants were at greater risk of LBW when their mothers were exposed to ETS by one residential cigarette smoker, but even greater risk when exposed to ETS by two or more residential cigarette smokers. Women who almost smoked in the three months leading up to birth had a greater risk of having a LBW infant. The results of the study lend well to the 7 criteria created by Sir Austin Bradford Hill describing causality in epidemiology. Hill’s criteria include strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, and coherence (Friis, 2012).

According to the Center for Disease and Prevention, during the years 2011 and 2012 “about 58 million non smokers in the United States were exposed to second hand smoke” (Center for Disease and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Of these about 15 million were children ages three to eleven (CDC, 2016). Those 15 million children never had the chance to get away from the situation. These statistics do not include the number of infants that were born premature from being exposed to second hand smoke up until the age of 3. However, a study conducted by Yousef S. Khader, and his co-authors, showed that “exposure to SHS during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased odds of low birth rate and preterm delivery (Khader, et al., 2011). This study was conducted just for this purpose to prove that there was a uniting factor between second hand smoke and developmental problems that started at

When exposed to tobacco smoke, children are at more of a risk. Compared to adults, children are more likely to develop ear infections, respiratory problems such as coughing and wheezing, and other respiratory diseases such as asthma. Tobacco smoke is also connected to sudden infant death syndrome. Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexpected death of a child that is under the age of one. To make matters worse second hand smoke plays a major role in low birth weight in infants. If a mother or father has been exposed to secondhand smoke it can impair fertility. So not only is tobacco smoke hurting kids as they grow up, but it also hinders them from the moment they are born.

Women who reduce these chances are becoming more aware of the effects of smoking. For example, because of recent research, smoking cessation programs have been established according to Mental Health Weekly Digest (par. 5). These programs are a great way for women to quit smoking while pregnant, thus, decreasing the likelihood that a child will be born prematurely. Also, if a baby is smaller in size, then they are more vulnerable to illness and death as well (Campos and Brown 5). These factors can be easily avoided by convincing women to not smoke while they are expecting a baby. One might object that medical advances make it possible for premature babies to live normally. However, these medical advances can be extremely expensive, and it is still a risk to smoke while pregnant because certain circumstances may not be able to pay for the treatment. Furthermore, not smoking reduces the risk of prematurity and ensures a greater chance of having a healthy delivery.