Potassium Dichromate

In 2005, a chemistry teaching lab accident at Texas Tech left three undergraduate students and one graduate teaching assistant injured after a waste bottle exploded. While a student had opened the container to pour waste inside, the glass bottle exploded due to an incompatible mixture of chemicals inside. This mixture was composed of an inorganic acid and an organic solvent. The written directions for the experiment failed to omit a step which used a nitric acid wash, despite having removing that part of the procedure years prior. After the explosion, the lab was evacuated and the Texas Tech Police Department and Lubbock Fire Department responded. Fortunately, all students and staff were wearing the proper protective garments (lab coats, goggles,

Before conducting the Activity Series Lab, participants must know how to protect themselves against the possible dangers that the hazardous materials from the lab can cause. Some of the things they must understand include proper safety precautions and how to protect against corrosive or poisonous materials. For instance, Copper (II) Chloride, one of the solutions used in the lab, can cause severe eye irritation. One way to protect against this is by wearing goggles, or other eye protection equipment. Another substance used in the lab is Silver Nitrate, a body tissue irritant. Participants must wash off the substance quickly if it comes into contact with their skin to prevent any serious damage. Not only is it vital to know how to be safe around the chemicals, but to fully understand the lab, participants must be able to recognize the clues to a chemical change.

I believe this is the case since the bonds between the carbon and the hydrogen are non polar covalent bonds, there is no charge separation present in the molecule, preventing the molecule from forming hydrogen bonds with water. Also, as the hydrocarbon grows in size and the alkyl chain becomes longer, the hydrophobic part of the chain grows in size. This makes the alcohol become non-polar and makes the alcohol insoluble in water. In addition, the hydrocarbon chains force their way between water molecules, breaking the hydrogen bonds. The hydrocarbon tail does not form

Each of the co-solvents have hydroxyl groups that allow them to hydrogen bond with water, accounting for their miscibility with water. To some extent the hydroxyl groups also allow the solvents to hydrogen bond with the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of paracetamol (Appendix I). Because of the stable hydrophobic aromatic ring in paracetamol, it would better dissolve in more non-polar solvents. Thus ethanol, with only one polar hydroxyl group, is the most effective solvent. Propylene glycol has two hydroxyl groups and glycerol has three, slightly reducing each solvent’s ability to dissolve paracetamol. Sucrose (syrup) has eight hydroxyl groups which may explain its minute effect on improving paracetamol

IV medication may include giving the medication by rapid injection (push) into the vein using a syringe; this is called a bolus dose. One additive that must never be given as a direct IV bolus is potassium chloride. Potassium is an essential electrolyte which the body needs to function correctly. Potassium is works on the nerves and muscles in the body including the heart. As important as potassium is having too much potassium can be life threatening. Potassium’s role on the heart is to keep the heart beating at a normal rhythm. A bolus dose of potassium chloride may cause cardiac arrest within minutes if the dose is too high is the medicine is push in too quickly (Australian Prescriber, 2014).

If you can’t eliminate the hazard, substitute a safer material or process. Ask the following:

Some of the precautions taken by the healthcare workers in the film includes the use of proper personal protective equipment such as face mask, hand gloves, footwear, gown cap. They followed proper donning of the PPE and went further to disposed the used materials by burning them. Before the healthcare workers get in contact with the patients, they made sure that the PPE are wore and when exiting they are adequately disinfected with sodium hypochlorite [ bleach] before burning the materials. Also, the hospital and the environment were continuously disinfected, likewise the patients. Dead bodies were disinfected and properly bag out of the environment to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

– it doesn’t necessarily have a strong effect on the water, but the surrounding marsh land can be significantly impacted by potassium nitrate. This is because potassium is a mineral commonly contained in fertilisers, which help the growth of plants. Its intended use is to increase crop yields but when washed into rivers or lakes it causes the problem of eutrophication. This is basically where the environment becomes enriched with nutrients. The increase of nitrate in the water would enhance algae growth, which creates a bloom over the surface of the water. This bloom prevents any sunlight from reaching other water plants, depriving them of oxygen and sunlight and eventually killing them. Bacteria then decomposes the dead plants and consumes

With the increased temperature, the isopropanol-water solution contracts faster than the lower temperature due to the fact that molecules move faster with increased temperature. The hydrogen bonding between isopropanol and water is quite strong between the solvents and within themselves. As a result of the compounds’ properties they rearrange to assume a more efficient hydrogen bond between them, as the angles required for efficient hydrogen bonding are not present; the bond angles change due to the repulsive force of free electrons within the compound. The intermolecular forces that cause the molecules of ethanol, isopropanol, and water to rearrange and contract primarily include dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding. In terms of dipole-dipole interaction, the forces occur when polar molecules are

The physical properties of Gibbs free energy of formation, heat capacity, enthalpy of vaporization, and viscosity’s relationship to the number of carbon atoms of different straight chain alcohols will be analyzed using tables and plots. Straight chain alcohols are alkanes with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the chain. The general formula for straight chain alcohols is displayed by the equation C_n H_(2n+1) OH. The amount of hydrogen atoms is equal to twice the amount of carbon atoms plus one, without the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group. The carbon-oxygen-hydrogen bond angle is approximately 109º for straight chain alcohols. This bond is also primary and sp3 hybridized. As the amount of carbon atoms in the molecule increases the

Water’s high polarity ions and other polar molecules are attracted to the high level of polarity in water. What make water very good solvent is its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

results in decreased solubility) and ethanol (a polar solvent; the nonpolar target product will have limited

(2012) - This paper content the study of LLE for 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol or 2-butanol + sodium sulfite + water ATPSs, and the experimental binodal and tie-line data at T = 298.15 K were reported. The effect of different alcohols and different anions on the phase-formation ability of the studied systems was discussed considering the intermolecular interactions. Also, to study the effect of temperature on the phase separation ability of the studied systems the cloud point data as a function of alcohol mole fractions at T = 293.15–323.15 K with 5 K intervals was measured. Also, the use of the Setschenow-type equations to study the slating-out effect of the mentioned ATPSs along with some previously studied alcohol + salt + water systems was discussed. The generalized electrolyte-NRTL model to the mixed solvent electrolyte systems (e-NRTL) was satisfactorily used for the correlation of the tie-line

Slips, Trips and Falls Uneven, slippery or obstructed floor surfaces, trailing cables and poor general housekeeping may lead to accidents. Hazardous Substances Certain items of stock (and some chemicals used for cleaning) may be classified as hazardous or highly flammable. Exposure to some of these chemicals through leaks or spillages could cause burns, dermatitis or could be harmful if inhaled.

The organizations and industries which deal with materials it may result in a high-riskinjuries such as: oil industry, space agencies, nuclear power stations, chemical laboratories, aviation, constrictions (Adel Badri, SylvieNadeaua and André Gbodossou, 2012) andthe mining plants (Hermanus, 2007). People who work with high-risk materials. They have to check the working flow, detect hazardpoints, understandDangers surrounding to keep people in the safe side and prevent any accident and injuries. (R. Pretagostini et al, 2010).