Powdery Mildew Research Paper

Each plant received equal care and was placed in the same conditions. Soil used for planting was Miracal Grow planting soil. The soil also consisted of peat moss, composted inner bark of hardwoods, and micro nutrients. The pH of the soil was adjusted to 6.5. The plants were kept in greenhouse conditions at Anoka Ramsey Community College. They received equal amount of sun that was provided on a given spring Minnesotan day. Temperatures ranged from 10-27°C. Plants were watered as needed, at least two to three times per week.

Another instance, of many, where Masumoto indulges the reader in scientific facts is when he examines his grapevines for diseases. Along with peaches, Masumoto also raises grapes in order to make raisins. Masumoto finds that grapes are increasingly hard to raise, as the shape of the vines often trap moisture. He will start to lift the vines in order to find signs of mildew. Masumoto claims that “mildew…invade[s] a vineyard…and grow[s], infecting tissue and scarring the surfaces, stunting berries and cracking the skin” (Masumoto 57). A surface reading easily overlooks this additional fact that Masumoto provides. He discusses the harm that mildew can cause to grapes if they are not looked after properly. While this does relate to farming, this

This condition can be caused by several different species of fungus, but it is most commonly caused by two types (Trichophyton and Microsporum). This condition is spread by having direct contact with:

In the United States many different parasitic organisms are causing tree epidemics, endangering the environment and health of their communities. One of the tree epidemics that has occurred was the Chestnut blight. The American Chestnut was a malleable resource used for its widely used wood and its chestnuts which fed animals and people alike. Its importance made the discovery of a fungus called Cryphonectria parasitica, also known as Chestnut blight, so devastating (Hebard). Importing of Japanese trees brought this Chestnut blight fungus to North American chestnuts and it had infected chestnuts throughout America by the early 1900’s. The Chestnut blight had killed over 3.5 billion trees by the 1940’s (Conolly). Today, mere dozens of healthy American Chestnuts live as a threatened species, while most American Chestnuts grow from the roots of trees already killed by the Chestnut blight, passing the Chestnut blight fungus to the new growing trees preventing them from living nearly as long as American Chestnuts used to (Horton).

At the beginning of the experiment, the samples had visible hyphae and black fruiting bodies, which appear to be visible in the re-infected fruit samples. Both the samples have distinct zones of mycelial growth and colonization. In the fruiting and productive zones both samples appear to have increased hyphae density. When samples are analyzed in the microscope they both have evident clusters of sporangia and conidia. When comparing the infect fruit samples it is clear that both the original and re-infected samples are quite similar results including signs and symptoms.

Fungi are fascinating, yet terrifying organisms. The text does a good job of describing how they operate (through spores) and long does it affect the plant in the short-term (rust that causes the

Aerobes use gaseous oxygen for metabolism and process enzymes that are need to eliminate the toxic oxygen byproducts. An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is called an obligate aerobe. A facultative aerobe is an organism that does not require oxygen for metabolism, but is capable of growing without oxygen. Microaerophiles do not grow at normal atmospheric oxygen because they only need small amounts. An anaerobe is a microorganism that lacks metabolic enzymes needed for respiration. Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen gas but can survive and grow in its presence.

Staphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to object contact that an a person infected with Staphylococcus aureus has touched. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive, which induces clumping of the cells and of the blood. Staphylococcus

H. capsulatum to grow. The central and eastern states of the United States are known to have large quantities of this fungus. Areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River have concentrated amounts. These locations are ideal for this fungus to grow due to the temperature and the weather. H.capsulatum has two forms depending on the temperature. At 25 degrees Celsius it becomes a mycelial, which means it grows in thread like branches. Soil in nature would be the example of ideal environment for this fungus to grow into mycelial. At 37 degrees Celsius, it becomes yeast. After entering the lungs of a mammal, the temperature change then allows the fungus to form yeast. When cultured at different temperatures the fungus has two distinct appearances.

The two main carriers of the fungus are the American native elm bark beetle, and the European bark beetle ( Haugen, 2014). They transfer the fungus through the xylem, which then goes to both the roots as well as branches. Trees that get infected in spring or early summer die quickly, whereas plants that get infected in late summer often recover from the

The life cycle of M.graminicola is favored by optimum temperatures (15-20), and to cause infection it requires long periods of high humidity. Septoria tritici blotch survives from one season to the next on stubble. Following heavy rain or heavy dew in late autumn and early winter, wind borne spores are released from the bodies embedded in the stubble or previously infected plants. These can be spread over large distances. The Septoria tritici blotch has two very clearly visible

Stripe rust (Puccinia strifformis) is a fungus that weakens plants by removing water and nutrients, affecting the yield and quality of grains. Stripe rust affects wheat and can cause 100% yield losses when infection occurs early. For Example, in Washington, stripe rust affected 70% of the crops in 2002 (X. M. Chen, 2005). This disease does not just affect the United States of America, but all other countries. In China, more than 20 million ha of wheat has been affected by stripe rust(Wan, Chen, & He, 2007). This fungus spreads so fast that within a week symptoms appear and almost in two weeks, reproduction of this fungus starts to take place. More spores, mean the infection will now be able to transfer over larger areas by the means of various

Anthracnose disease is caused by fungus and generally affected Japanese Maple Trees that are planted in areas that are warm and experience frequent humidity.

R. solani causes various diseases such as damping off, leaf blight, root rot, stem rot, and crown rot. Mainly it affects the plants at seedling stages. R. solani adore growing in low to high temperature & high humidity. Water lodged plants are soft target for the development of disease. Mostly AG 1 IA, AG 2 & AG 4 are reported as highly pathogenic R .solani strains. Rice & potato are the major crops which are severely affected by the R. solani worldwide. Some scattered reports of R. solani have been

Pests and diseases can be devastating and their control in mushroom is a constant cost which is involved and complicated.