CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to other using electronic devices. By using semiconductor devices as switches power electronics circuits function, thereby controlling or modifying a voltage or current. Power electronics application range from high-power conversion equipment such as dc power transmission to everyday appliances, such as cell phone chargers, cordless screwdrivers, power supplies for computers, and hybrid automobiles. Power electronics includes applications in which circuits process miliwatts or megawatts. Power electronics include conversion of an unregulated dc voltage to a regulated dc voltage conversion of ac to dc, conversion of dc to ac, and conversion of an ac power source from one amplitude and frequency to another amplitude and frequency. These power converters are classified as rectifiers, AC voltage controllers, DC choppers and inverters, which covers wide area of residential, commercial and industrial applications, including computers, transportation and power utilizes [1].
Power electronic converters, especially DC/AC inverters have been extending their range of use in industrial application because they provide better system efficiency, reduced energy consumption and improved quality of power. The output voltage of inverter could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency and output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values, producing fast transition
A device which supplies electrical energy to an output load is called a power supply. Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
In the book, “The Circuit” by Francisco Jimenez, some examples are given on how family and culture can influence one’s life. Family and culture can negatively affect a person’s life because in the narrator’s case, it can cause them to move away from their friends or work hard to support their family. For example, “As the last days of August disappeared, so did the number of braceros. Sunday, only one—the best picker—came to work. I liked him. [...] That Sunday was the last time I saw him. [...] The thought of having to move to Fresno and knowing what was in store for me there brought tears to my eyes” (Jimenez 2 and 5). In other words, the narrator had to leave because the harvesting season was over and they had to find another place to work.
The two types of electrical circuits are series and parallel. Series circuits provide only one pathway of current flow, while parallel circuits provide multiple pathways of current flow. Unfortunately,
The novel “The Circuit” began in El Rancho Blanco, Mexico, then continues to California. They travel many places in California because they have come to the United States illegally. The characters are Papa, Mama, Roberto, Panchito, Trampita, Ruben, and Rorra. The basic situation is: the family has always wanted to move to California thinking that they will get a better life, but instead end up getting worse, and being taken by La migra. That is “The Circuit” exposition.
After finishing high school I will be attending St. Clair for their fast track power engineering program learning things like the operation of steam boilers and more depending on how far i go with the tickets, and if I decide to move away or stay close to home. First off in the power engineering field I have to know things from the operation of steam boilers, to refrigeration systems and more. Second there are different classes of power engineering ranging from the fourth class to the first class ticket with different salaries and places to work with each ticket. Lastly if I end up not being able to get a job in power engineering there are other options I could branch into with this course. After finishing high school and attending St. Clair for power engineering all these things need to be taken into account when figuring out where I will finally end up with my career.
Efficiency increases due to low energy consumption 3. It provide battery backup for about one hour 7.2 Application 1. To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply 2. CCTV cameras, TV’s, monitor, PC’s, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machine, VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics based devices in automotive, computing, communication, consumer electronics and industrial applications use SMPS. Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances Sigma, Matar Page XXXVII CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances Sigma, Matar Page XXXVIII Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance.
It is observed that the power factor is maintained closer to unity when the input voltage is reduced from 230V to 110Vrms. Figure 11 (a) and (b) shows the power factor correction of controller for various load condition such as 20% (60W) and 75% (230W). The power factor for the system is found to be 0.84 for light load condition and 0.99 for full load condition. The THD of input current at full load with predominant third and fifth harmonic components are shown in Figure 12(a) and (b).Third harmonics is found to be 4.8% and fifth harmonic component is 4.9% which are well within IEC 61000-3-2 standard during wide range of load variations. The variation in power factor with load is shown graphically in Figure 13(a). It can be inferred from the graph that improved resettable control operates at high power factor for all load condition whereas the conventional PI control has poor power factor under light load conditions. Figure 13(b) shows the comparison between the efficiency of the converter for varying load conditions with the conventional control method and the resettable integrator control. The converter’s efficiency is maintained at 92% for light load conditions and 96% for fully loaded condition with integrator control technique. Thus the improved resettable integrator controller provides a very simple and reliable solution for power factor correction and
1. What is the total and category dog food supermarket sales potential in Boston at manufacturing prices?
The impact of the proposed sequences has been simulated for 0.4 modulation index with a 0.5 lagging power factor load (power factor angle 60°). The simulation setup consists of the following software: 1) MATLAB/Simulink – used to implement the modulation strategies and switching sequences, and 2) PSIM – used to simulate the T-NPC inverter running with an R-L load and to provide conduction and switching losses of each switch. The inverter switching pulses were generated within Simulink and were fed to PSIM through sim-coupler module which provides a link between PSIM and simulink for the purpose of co-simulation [29].
Rectifier converts alternating current to direct current the process is known as rectification. The rectifier is an electronic circuit. Rectifier diode lets the electrical current flow in only one direction and is mainly used for power supply operations. They can handle higher current flow than regular ones. The one that is located on switch mode power supply is 800 V and 1 Amp. The diode 3 and 2 will act as open switches, diodes 1 and 4 will act as closed switches and will start conducting the energy coming flowing thru.
Taking and passing the electrical exam is something every electricians dream. Unfortunately, it is a difficult test, difficult and not everyone passes the first time. But don't let that discourage you. With some time, dedication, and the proper study habits, you will pass the test. If you are studying for your electrical exam, utilize these four helpful study tips:
The innovative inverter technology produces safe, smooth power, protecting your sensitive electronics (computers, smartphones, etc.) from damage.
With the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies, advance digital controllers and embedded systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power control have become global challenges nowadays[1]. Recently FPGAs have become a good alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high performance embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad-liberty to use their design customs
reducing the output ripple current and the total harmonic distortion of the output current, increasing the power density of system, and reducing the current stress and thermal stress of power devices. Besides, it can solve the problem of zero sequence circulation current (ZSCC) in interleaved inverter system by the circuit structure, and it also has the advantages of no shoot-through problem, no reverse recovery of the body diode, and three-level output. The interleaved inverter circuits share two power-frequency switches, which are resized for each specific application, and it is easier to extend the system by improving current capability of the two switches. The working principle of this system is introduced in detail and a 2 kW experimental prototype has been established and tested. Test results verify the principle and
Electrical components of equipment provide power. Electronic components of equipment provide power. Electronic components control the equipment, although many types of equipment still controlled with electrical devices.(Career Information Center) Electrical and electronic engineers may supervise crews of electrical workers who do routine work in the generating station. They often use their knowledge of electrical engineering technology to diagnose electrical workers to do them. Some electrical and electronic engineering technicians work for industrial plants that use electricity.(Career Information Center) Electrical engineers apply their knowledge of the science to working with equipment that produces and distributes electricity, such as generators, transmission lines, and transformers. They also design, develop, and manufacture electric motors, electrical machinery, and ignition systems for automobiles, aircraft, and other engines.(Careers In Focus: Engineering pg.55) Electrical engineers focus on high-power generation of electricity and how it is transmitted for use in lighting homes and powering factories. They are also concerned with how equipment is designed and maintained and how communications are transmitted via wire and airwaves. Engineers use basic knowledge collected by scientist to solve a