Prader Willi's Theory

Obesity in America is literally a growing problem, affecting every age group. Children are the most venerable group because they have no control over where they have dinner or how often they have fast food. Parents and guardians make decisions about food and are responsible for the health of children. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last twenty years. This is concerning because Type Two diabetes is a horrible, crippling disease that is affecting children and teens dramatically whereas the disease was primarily seen in adults. Children are said to have a shorter life span than their parents for the first time ever. In the United States sixty-six percent of adults are overweight and one in

One of the most commonly discussed issues of America in the last few decades has been obesity. It remains one of the biggest problems in American society and requires a careful, systematic but also immediate solution. Obesity is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is considered healthy. Today, 65% of adults in the U.S. are overweight and half of those are obese. The rates for children are smaller but they are not satisfying either: 15% are overweight and another 15% are headed that way (Lemonick). Besides the aesthetic problems for many people that this condition creates, it is most importantly known as the main cause of serious health problems as well.

For the first time in 200 years, the increased prevalence of adolescent obesity may result in decreased life expectancy (Goodman, Slap, & Huang, 2003). According to Tsiros (2009), epidemiological projections indicate that “not only will obese adolescents suffer these adverse consequences but all citizens will literally pay dearly due to this health crisis.” Tsiros goes on to assert that 86.3% of American adults will be overweight or obese in less than 20 years.

For the very first time in history, we live in a country where today’s generation may not outlive their parents. To say obesity is the plague of 21st century American’s would be putting it gently. Statistics show that 31.8% of children and adolescents in the United States are overweight or obese; of that 31.8%, 16.9% are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kitt, Flegal 2012). Even more shockingly, it is estimated that 50% of the United States population is overweight or obese today (Ogden, Carroll, Kitt, Flegal 2012). Obesity is a rising prevalent health issue, reaching epidemic proportions. As we get older, we develop habits and

The prevalence of obesity among U.S. adults has increased dramatically in the recent years. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that nearly 30 percent of U.S. adults are obese and 34 percent

Following the ingestion of carbohydrates and proteins, insulin is released from pancreatic islet cells. Whilst the brain is not insulin dependent, the arcuate nucleus contains protein receptors that respond to insulin (as well as Leptin)[7]. As insulin inhibits NPY/AgRP-secreting neurons and activates POMC-releasing neurons, it reduces the appetite and as a result regulates body weight. This is backed up even further by scientific claims that insulin resistance is linked to obesity, and type II diabetes can be associated with a loss in insulin regulation[8].

In America, obesity is found in relatively every community. Several factors contribute to this problem, three of them are dietary options, genetics, and inactive life styles. According to the National Center for Health Statistic, since the 1970’s the rate of obesity has doubled in children and adults. Unfortunately this public health problem, in America, is ongoing.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. It is currently plaguing both adults and children in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that

Some would say obesity has become an epidemic in our country. More than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are obese.1 And more than 1 in 6 children and adolescents ages 6 to 19 are considered to be obese.2 This statistic is frightening for healthcare providers, as many serious conditions are associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, breast, colon, endometrial, and kidney cancer, and stroke. 2 Health care costs associated with obesity were estimated to account for 9.1% of US medical expenses in 1998, and if current trends continue, obesity will account for 16% of US health care expenditures by 2030.3

The receptors in the gastrointestinal tract manage the size and times of eating behavior while metabolic cues oversee energy consumption with respect to what the body needs. Overeating causes a greater amount of fat storage than did carbohydrate overfeeding. Studies of the appetites of obese women prove that energy intake during a high-fat lunch was much higher than during a high-carbohydrate lunch and this remained for the next 24 hours. The reason that has been hypothesized for this is that the metabolic rates of fats and carbos are different. Carbohydrates are more rapidly absorbed and contribute to the suppression of appetite. Fat storage, on the other hand, is almost without limit with a lower satiety calibre. Carbohydrate storage in the body, in the form of glycogen, is limited, and need to be constantly refilled. Obesity is a disorder that is related to a "disease" of the fat storage mechanisms and if a person is obese, there will be a presence of lipids already in the small intestine that delay the emptying of gastric fluids. These fatty acids in the stomach relax the stomach and therefore, cause the stomach to be able to adapt to a greater capacity of food. When the stomach receptors are stimulated, the gastric sensitivity is transformed to accommodate a meal while the positive sensations of enjoyment are also aroused so that this experience is repeated again. Studies have shown that people show feelings of sleepiness and

These factors increase the food cravings and it is directly linked to the amount of leptin hormone released in the body. Leptin is a product of obese gene and it regulates fat storage. As the amount of Leptin increases, the amount of fat stored will increase. It is a process of sending signals to the hypothalamus regarding the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue, which is a series of loose connective tissues that stores energy in the form of fat (Gale, Castracane and Mantzoros,

Did you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, & Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012).

Aim 2: Identify functions of IP6K1 in lipolysis. K1-KO mice exhibit enhanced fasting induced weight loss. They also display enhanced basal lipolysis and downregulation of the lipolytic modulator perilipin1 (PLIN1) in the adipose tissues. IP6K1 possesses a lipase motif by which it binds and stabilizes PLIN1. PKA (Protein kinase A) phosphorylates IP6K1 especially during -adrenergic receptor (-AR)

Leptin is a hormone that inhibits hunger. It is produced by the fat tissues in the body. Currently, it is known that leptin increases heart rate if it is introduced to the body in high concentrations; however, if it is introduced to the body in low concentrations, it decreases heart rate (Lin 2015). Because leptin is one of the hormones in charge of when an individual chooses to eat a snack/meal, it is important the effects on an individual’s heart rate in the case that leptin is only ever present in high concentrations. If leptin is introduced into the body in high concentrations but at frequent time intervals (6 times a day), the null hypothesis is that the heart rate of the individual will increase consistently. The hypothesis is that given

More than one-third (36.5%) of adults in the United States are obese. Obesity is defined as a weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used as a screening tool for overweight and obesity. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. In 2016, 39% of women and 29% of men over the age of 18 were overweight. Today, around one in five children, ages 6-19 are obese. The obesity epidemic only continues to worsen in the United States. According to the article, “F an is Fat”, if obesity rates continue on their current trajectories, by 2030, 13 states could have adult obesity rates above 60 percent, 39 states could have rate above 50 percent, and all