Praxis And Synergy In Health Care

Unsafe water supplies are often contaminated with infectious agents, toxic chemicals, and radiological hazards. In 2000, the World Health Organization and UNICEF identified some 2.4 billion people who did not have basic sanitation facilities, and 1.1 billion people without a safe drinking water supply. (Wagner, 2009) Some communities experienced diarrhea, caused by a variety of parasites, viruses, and bacteria that infect people as a result of contaminated drinking water or poor hygiene. In India, more than 500,000 children die from diarrhea every year. Like other tropical diseases, when diarrhea does not kill, it weakens, leaving people more susceptible to other infections, such as tuberculosis and HIV. (Whitman, 2008).

Causes: Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe

Between the 1830’s to 1860’s, cholera spread into the United States from India by trade routes. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by drinking or eating material that is infected with Vibrio cholerae. Cholera causes watery diarrhoea, but can show days later or never show

The synergy model for patient care was created by a panel of nurses from the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) during the early 1990s (Hardin, 2013). The synergy model for patient care is a nursing model that is widely used in evidence-based research and nursing practice. This model is predominantly used in the critical care setting and was created as a framework for certified nursing practice (McEwen, 2014).

Having Diarrhea for a prolonged amount of time causes dehydration and leads to a loss of electrolytes in the body. This loss causes an imbalance in electrolytes and body and can be fatal. According to Biology, people acquire Cholera by drinking contaminated water which contains human feces and is generally in poorer areas of the world. The bacterium begins by forming a film around the intestines and also produces a toxin. This toxin is an enzyme that modifies the receptors of the cells which constitute the intestines, which happen to regulate salt and water secretion. The toxin which modifies the G-proteins in a cell makes it unable to utilize GTP which keeps the cell in its active form (Campbell,

Cholera is a small intestine infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholera (Finkelstein, 1996). It affects 3 to 5 million people worldwide, and as of 2010 causes 58,000 to 130,000 deaths a year (Lozano et al., 2012). Water filtering and chlorination have removed the threat of cholera in Europe and North America, however, it still affects some developing countries, like Haiti. The department of Grand’Anse in Haiti has been experiencing a cholera epidemic since October 2010; the worst one in recent history (CDC, 2016). Grand’Anse never had a cholera outbreak in recorded history until after the 2010 earthquake (BBC News, 2010). The earthquake occurred on January 12, 2010, and the outbreak began in October 2010. Waste from the outhouses used

Cholera is an intestinal infection that can claim its victim’s life within hours if not treated promptly. It is caused by eating or drinking something that is contaminated with

In January of 2010, Haiti endured a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0. About 9 months following the disaster, an epidemic of cholera arose causing up to 800,000 cases and close to 9,000 deaths. Cholera is a digestive infection that can causes excessive diarrhea and dehydration; severely infected individual can die within hours. This is the setting for Ralph Frerichs’ novel Deadly River, a narrative story about how an epidemiologist used a scientific approach to battle the elimination of this deadly disease and to coincide with conflicts between political infrastructures. In the early risings of the cholera epidemic, the Haitian government requested epidemiologist, Renaud Piarroux, to solve the roots of this tragic disease.

The water source is important because cholera can be transmitted in feces that contain the strain of Vibrio Cholerae. Thus, the water can contaminated. The united nations have established a water quality monitoring system that is implemented in 56 health centers. They have constructed wastewater treatment plants, provided sewage management in internally displaced camps as well as built sanitary facilities in 240 schools. Besides creating proper infrastructure, the united nations have supplied critical items for prevention and treatment of cholera such as water purification tablets, soap and medical supplies and equipment. They have also purchased oral cholera vaccines that were administered to 110,000 people (UN Fact Sheet: Combatting Cholera in Haiti 2013). Even though the United Nations has reduced the risk of cholera for about 1.2 million people, the rest of the population is still suffering with the disease (UN Fact Sheet: Combatting Cholera in Haiti 2013).

First of all, according to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) it states,”Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by intestine with the bacterium vibrio cholerae.” In other words, cholera is a disease that starts on the inside of your body by germs. Another fact of Cholera is,”Approximately one in 10 (5-10%) infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea,

Two out of every five people living in Sub-Saharan Africa lack safe water. A baby there is 500 times more likely to die from water-related illness than one from the United States. This is a serious ongoing issue that requires the rest of the world to take action. Water spreads diseases easily if the necessary precautions are not taken. Many developing African countries don’t have sewage treatment, or the people don’t have methods to filter and disinfect. Once a person is sick either there is no way to cure them, or medical care is too expensive, so they are left untreated with a high risk of death. Although many believe that the fight for sanitary water in Africa is insurmountable, people in these developing countries can overcome their challenge to access clean water and avoid water-borne diseases through proper sewage treatment facilities, universal water filtration and medical care.

Haiti, home to over ten million of people and many more all over the world, is one of the poorest nation in the Americas. In 2010 and 2011, Haiti was heavily affected by a large cholera outbreak that spread throughout the country (Page et al., 2015). Its low economy and its substantially high occurrences of adverse events and insecurity have made the country the recipient of many humanitarian aids and peace keeping missions for almost as long as the country have been independent (Page et al., 2015). It is not to forget that the cholera outbreak that started in the latter of the 2010 year and lingers until today is a complete mirror effect of Haiti’s substandard infrastructure, lack of sanitation and poor water quality have not only make this

Almost 100 countries worldwide are still affected by cholera and it’s virtually impossible to completely prevent an outbreak. If left alone, this rapidly infectious disease can cause many fatalities. However, improved methods for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment, paired with higher standards of sanitation and personal

There are other common sources of cholera bacterium are surface or well water, seafood, raw fruits and vegetables, and grains. In water, Vibrio cholerae can survive for long periods of time, staying dormant. People in areas with poor sanitation, like crowded refugee camps, are at risk of cholera, due to the fact that water provided for said community could be a source of contamination of cholera bacteria. Seafood, when raw or undercooked, can be contaminated by cholera bacteria, if the seafood came from certain areas with contaminated waters. Since the 1970s, cholera outbreaks in the U.S. have been caused by smuggled seafood from cholera-infected areas, and from the Gulf of Mexico. Shellfish are especially contaminated, due to the fact that “they filter large amounts of water, concentrating the levels of cholera bacteria”. Raw fruits—especially unpeeled—and vegetables coming from an area with a source of cholera are another frequent source of the cholera bacteria. Innoculation of the fruits

Most of the children deaths occur due to pneumonia, preterm birth complications, intra-partum related complications, diarrhea and malaria. The issues that prevails, is the fact that universal access to basic social services is not available, and poverty.