Pre Ap Biology Research Paper

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism, and Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosomes builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room"[1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life".

Every living cell is surrounded by a thin layer known as the cell membrane or plasma membrane, which controls the movement of substances in to and out of the cell. This membrane is also responsible for maintaining the ultra-structure of the cell, and keeping its internal components together. Organelles such as the nucleus, lysosomes, the Golgi body and mitochondria are also bound by their own individual membranes.

Cells are small because they are limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio. The volume of the cell allows for the total number of chemical activity it carries out during an amount of time. The surface area of a cell determines the number of substances that go into the cell from the outside of the cell. It is also determined by the number of waste products that are able to go to the environment. The cell must be a certain volume in order to allow for a big enough surface area-to-volume ratio which lets substances in and out of the cell as well as allowing chemical reactions to occur.

Cells, a unique characteristic of life and the start of humanity at its finest. Discovered in 1653, by a man named of Robert Hooke, coined the term Cells and was credited with it as well. The scientist said it reminded him of the cells of a monastery. These building blocks of life could be broken down into several different parts but the main two parts are prokaryote and eukaryote. Prokaryotes are one celled organisms such as bacteria. Prokaryotes are able to thrive in very harsh conditions including hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and even the guts of humans and animals, called extremophiles. Prokaryotes contain a set amount of organelles in which are a cell wall, DNA, and cytoplasm. They do not reside a nucleus, but contains

The nucleus contains chromosomes in which the DNA encodes proteins. The mRNA molecules transcribed from the DNA leave through the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope to attach to free ribosomes or ribosomes on the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER). mRNA molecules try to bind to ribosomes as they contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcribed from DNA in the nucleolus. The attachment of mRNA allows protein synthesis to occur at the ribosome, producing proteins in their primary structure. These polypeptide chains then travel through the rER where they are packaged and pinched off into little vesicles and carried to the Golgi complex. They are then chemically modified and folded into newly synthesised proteins which can then leave the cell (exocytosis) through secretory vesicles produced at the Golgi complex.

The blood cells that we observed were pre-prepared in their slide and pre-dyed before we observed them. These cells were notably small in size, so much that we were unable to find them on scanning and low power of the microscope. Although, our group was still able to see their cell membranes and nuclei as well as their random organization. The onion root cells were also pre-prepared and pre-dyed with methylene blue in their slide. We observed their physical properties and saw that the cells were closely organized together, had thick cell walls, and larger nuclei compared to that of the blood cells. It was very evident that the root cells were larger than the blood cells. These observations, as well as background knowledge the previous lab, brought us to the conclusion that plant cells will always tend to be larger than animal cells. We believe this because plant cells have cell walls and larger vacuoles that contribute to their greater size, as we had learned from previous lessons. Also, two labs have proven that plant cells, like onion cells and onion root cells, are bigger than animal cells, like human cheek cells and human blood

All animals have eukaryotic cells and they consist of a nucleus which contains all the bound cellular organelles. (1) Some of the organelles in the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, microtubules, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleolus and nucleopore.(1)(3) All of these organelles help with the functioning of the cell.

Ribosome: The Ribosome has the structure of a small circle which is scattered across the

There are two basic types of cells, eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells. Within both cell types, several differences and similarities exist. The main difference between the cell types is that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

The nucleus’ presence is used to classify cell as a eukaryote rather than prokaryote. The nucleus is the most prominent organelle within the cell and is a large spherical shape,

The body is made up of billions and billions of cells that make up tissues that make up organs, which make up organ systems. Within those cells are organelles including but not limited to a nucleus, organelles, and cytosol. Cells are one of the most basic units of our bodies. With that being said, it is safe to say that cells are extremely important. There are many parts of a cell and many ways that a cell works. One of the most important parts of a cell is the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the outer surface of a cell, which is made up of things called phospholipids, which form a phospholipid bilayer. This bilayer is made up of phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), and glycoproteins (5%). This bilayer is only possible due to the phospholipids being amphipathic (polar and non polar parts). Phospholipids are composed of a hydrophilic (water loving) head and 2 hydrophobic (water fearing) tails. The Plasma membrane separates the cell’s internal environment from its external environment. It also “plays a key role in communication among cells and between cells and their external environment,” (Tortora 60).

Understanding cells is at the base of biology. As part of our curriculum we teach that cells are the basic unit of structure and function. All living organisms are made of cells that work together to maintain the whole organism. Therefore, I stress the importance of knowing the parts of a cell and their function as one of the learning objectives for the cytology unit. Those parts, known as organelles, become reoccurring concepts in the following units of the course. For example, the nuclear membrane and chromosomes are at the center of unit four (cellular division) as well as unit five (protein synthesis) along with ribosomes.

This is a jelly-like and clear fluid which is present within the cell surrounding all the internal organelles.