Pre-Sepsis Research Paper

Discuss the cascade of host inflammatory responses that produce the major detrimental effects seen in sepsis due to gram-negative bacteria.

Sepsis is defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) as “the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection” (Dellinger et al.,

Critical care nurses provide advanced nursing care for patients in critical or cornary care units. The preparatin required to become a critical care nurse education wise most occupations require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or even a associates degree. The job training required however employees usually need any where from one to two years of training involving both on-the-job and informal training with experiened workers.

Sepsis is the body’s response to infection. The onset of sepsis is often undetected until the condition has become critical. Sepsis progresses into severe sepsis, septic shock, and eventually death; typically from organ failure. The condition affects over 500,000 individuals annually, has a mortality rate of over 25%, and presents a risk to patients in every inpatient setting regardless of acuity level (Whelchel et al., 2011). My first experience with sepsis was enlightening because it affected a patient under my care. I was surprised at the insidious onset of the symptoms, the rapid decline in the patient’s condition, and the missed opportunities that the healthcare team had to implement the recommended care bundle protocols.

In terms of where America stands on medicine today, despite having the most expensive health care system, it lacks quality and efficiency in all voluntary measures. According to an op-ed on The New York Times newspaper it states, "… this country lags well behind other advanced nations in delivering timely and effective care." Essentially, what this does is shift health care systems' center of focus [patient engagement] to acute care, where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for severe injuries or illnesses. With that being said, the only thing left with a chance of hope is the betterment of national doctors to make that change —— change for a better health system. Those that are interested in the well-being of others, including themselves, by following these simple steps it will open up a path to become a phenomenal doctor.

Sepsis, referred by many as “blood poisoning (a non-medical term)”, is a life-threatening condition that requires emergency intervention by medical and nursing staffs. It occurs when bacteria or their products or sometimes both reach the patient blood. Even though bacteria infections are the predominant causes of sepsis, it can have other causes such from fungal infections and any other types of infections. Once the patient has sepsis, suddenly they start displaying clinical cues to alert health care teams that emergency care is required. If early interventions are not made, sepsis may progress to septic shock, ultimately death. Knowing the stages of sepsis is crucial so that treatment can be made in accordance to the causes. Early reversal

There are many complications that can occur from other illnesses and in all attempts, the healthcare team tries their best to prevent these complications in every circumstance as possible. One of these complications that can arise from an illness including sepsis. Sepsis is known as a systemic infection that is located within the blood and can invade every organ and tissue in the body. If the infection is not treated in time or cannot be controlled, it can progress to septic shock and eventually to multiple organ dysfunctional syndrome. Sepsis is a serious infection and the mortality rate has increased by 50% due to a delay in seeking medical attention with an infection (Davis, 2014).

Postsurgical infection treatment cost negatively impact hospital’s finance and creates a financial burden on the hospital. The financial burden of surgery is increased due to the direct costs incurred by the prolonged hospitalization of the patient, diagnostic tests, and treatment. “Infections related to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are some of the most serious infections that require additional costs $40,000 to $50,000” (CABG Infections …, CMS Pay 2008). According to, Contemporary…, this serious and costly errors in the care delivery should never happen. Furthermore, “Hospitals can be penalized up to 1% initially of an organization’s baseline annual Medicare reimbursement” (Cherry, Jacob, 2017, p.392) for performing poor patient

As mentioned above, there are a multitude of practices that are practice to decrease the prevalence of central line associated blood stream infections. To prevent central line associated bloodstream infections there are several steps before and during the insertion process as well as after the insertion of the line to decrease the risk of developing an infection. To begin with, it is important to avoid using the femoral vein for central venous catheter insertion is possible (Hsu, 2014). Avoiding the femoral vein is important because it is consider a dirty area of the body; therefore, the preferred site for the insertion of these lines is the subclavian vein because it is considered the area that is least likely to be infected. Furthermore,

Severe sepsis and septic shock are major healthcare complications that affect millions of individuals worldwide each year, killing approximately one in four and is growing in incidence. Similar to acute myocardial infarction or stroke, the quickness of appropriate treatment administration, especially in the initial hours after severe sepsis development, is crucial and will most likely influence the patient’s outcome (Dellinger, et al., 2013, p. 583).

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) have been a topic of concern. Urinary catheters place patients at risk for these infections. HAIs cost approximately 9.8 billion dollars annually; However, Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are less than 1% of that total (Waknine, 2013). None the less, steps must be taken to prevent CAUTIs. Some of the advantages of preventing/reducing CAUTIs is improved patient outcomes and a reduction in the facility’s costs of treating HAIs. There is some complexity in implementation of your solution, for example, increase in nursing assessment, treatment, documentation, and patient education. When there is an increase in the complexity of a solution, nurses will be more resistance to change. Thank

While working in ICU settings I realized that the patient condition, clinical skills, physical environment and work culture were the main causes for the development of VAP.

ICU nurse is one of the specialization of the nursing profession which deals with the patient who has higher dependency in medical care and in life threatening condition. There has been several changes in the nursing practice of the ICU nurse. One of the general nursing practice changed in ICU is FAST HUG method. The FAST HUG method is the method that helps to reduce the ventilator associated pneumonia and improve the health of the patient. Ventilator associated pneumonia is the hospital acquired pneumonia that develops within 48 hours or longer after the insertion of mechanical ventilation through the endotracheal tube (Khan, Ceriana and Donner, 2017, pp.3468). Mechanical ventilation is the method which helps in breathing pattern that is inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon-dioxide through the help of endotracheal tube (Ochiai, 2015, pp.219). To reduce the incidence of the ventilator associated pneumonia induced by mechanical ventilation the FAST HUG method was first introduced in 2005 after educating the nursing staff, respiratory therapist and physician, the FAST HUG stands for:

Sepsis occurs when large numbers of infectious agents exist in the blood to cause blood poisoning. Infections with fungi and parasites may lead to sepsis as well. The initial infection often comes from a burn ulcer or other open wound. Bacteria can also enter the blood stream directly from an outside source. Small amounts of bacteria enter into blood with dental work or when brushing your teeth.

The review presents different aspects of the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock, particularly, the scenarios of sepsis development dependent upon bacterial resistance to killing by oxidation in the bloodstream. The manuscript shows a neglected factor in sepsis pathogenesis: oxidation of plasma components by oxygen released from erythrocytes. It also attracts the attention of readers to: 1) the role of erythrocytes in the clearing of bacteria from the bloodstream in bacteremia and sepsis; 2) the mechanisms of bacterial defense against killing by oxidation in the bloodstream; 3) the consequences of colonization of the inner space of erythrocytes by bacteria and the problems of antibacterial therapy in case of available bacterial reservoir