Prehistoric Hominid Carnivory

Approximately 2.5 million years ago humans lived as hunter-gatherers that would move in bands, later on, they would turn into the great civilization of the ancient world due to better technique and a more organized society. Starting from the neolithic age which consists of hunter-gatherers. There were basically early modern humans. Hunter-gatherers had populated a lot of the earth by 30,000 years ago, continued the hunter and gathering way of life. They would feed off of wild plants and animals and move from one location to another. They would also use the fur of their killings as clothes. In a hunting and gatherings economy, they would move from one location to another to secure their food supply. Hunter-gatherers were very self-sufficient.

Human evolution was one of the most believed theories that explained how humans were created. As time progressed, so did the humans. However, there were many differences between modern humans and the prehistoric man which includes the capacity to think, larger brains, and a longer life expectancy. The prehistoric man had to survive on their own for the most part like finding food and shelter. Life for prehistoric man was not easy due to the harsh environments they had to live through by creating weapons, tools and communities.

Nisa is very useful since she has more personal insight and experience on how the paleolithic women used to live. Evidence is that her family were hunter gatherers and when she left from “the bush” she started to learn what other people were like since she was only used to staying and waiting for her father to bring food. And she realized that people in the wider world are stingy.

dy of plant fossils and the understanding the evolution of plant life and ecology of earlier eras is known as paleobotany. Paleobotanists concern with fossil records of plants and their geologic history greatly describes the main concept of paleobotany. Only a small percentage of the plants that ever lived left evidence of existence. The major plant fossils that have been discovered are mineralized wood, flowers in amber, leaf imprints in coal, or other plant life many years ago. Paleobotanists document fossil records and use this evidence to find the past evolution of plants.

From both the title of the chapter and the introduction by Dr. Shubin, this chapter begins with a focus on teeth. Because the function of teeth is to break down food before it enters the esophagus, the different shapes of teeth can represent many different things about the organism it belongs to including what type of eater it was (carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore). Teeth are the hardest tissue (not bone) in the human body and therefore fossilize well. As Dr. Shubin stated in chapter one, there must be many points that permit a fossil to make any kind of scientific conclusion. Obviously, the state of their presence is important, so the fact that teeth preserve well allows for them to be great specimens for analysis. Dr. Shubin and his team analyzed fossilized teeth in areas as different as Nova Scotia and the Arizona desert. Studying different fossils in these diverse regions allowed the team to see that mammalian and reptilian teeth are very different. For example, mammalian teeth differ from organism to organism to fit with the organisms need (Cheetahs that eat only meat will have different teeth than deer who are herbivores) and are replaced only once in the lifetime of the organism while reptilian teeth are usually sharp and are constantly replaced if damaged. These differences allowed scientists to characterize fossils as either a reptile or a mammal. Similar to Tiktaalik discussed in chapter one, the discovery of fossils that were part reptile and part mammal allowed the researchers to see that mammals evolved from reptiles, and further supported the theory of evolution. Further studies yielded even more

Early agricultural societies differed from those of the Paleolithic era in many different ways. They were two similar and different things. The Paleolithic era was more towards not staying in one specific area. They wanted to follow where their food went. In the agricultural societies, many people leaned towards being a lot less nomadic. They stayed in one spot and decided to farm for food.

Despite the intense efforts to uncover information on the prehistoric Native Americans occupying the Washington Coast, very little archaeological evidence has been uncovered to suggest prehistoric occupation (Cole, et.al, 1996). A finding that fiercely contrasts with the early historic record, which projects a population total of 6,000, and as such, should demonstrate heavy if not consistent findings within the region (Cole, et.al, 1996). However, this is not the case for the Washington State coastline. Despite the extent of research that has been conducted from 1976-1994, the archeological findings along the Southern Washington Coastline are nonexistent, less for what has been found upon the surface. Cole and associates attempted to find the missing link between as to where the evidence may have gone. In 1990 two geologist accidentally uncovered prehistoric fishing camps in the interdial zone, covered by mud from an earthquake that occurred 300 years ago (Cole, et.al, 1996). By studying the geophysical qualities of Southern Washington (1700 AD), Cole and associates, discover that seismic activity at the Cascadia subduction zone caused not only an earthquake, but a substantial Tsunami, which worked to bury the

The palebians made up the majority of the population. But they were not allowed to have any say in political issues. The palebians were the poor, lower class citizens who couldn't become priests or be a part of the senate. They were the peasants, craftsmen, farmers, and shopkeepers. On the other hand, the patricians were the ones who were wealthy (the upper class) and the only ones that could have power in religious offices, in the senate, and could control over the military. Unllike the Palebians, the patricians were the smaller part of the population that had all the power. But just because the Patricians had all the control over Rome, this did not mean that the Palebians weren't important or "necessary"

If Neanderthals did in fact comport themselves in ways once thought to distinguish anatomically modern humans and enable the latter’s rise to world domination, that similarity makes the Neanderthals’ decline and eventual extinction all the more mystifying. One theory is that H. sapiens had a broader variety of tools that may have enhanced their ability to forage. When they brought their superior technology with them out of Africa and into Eurasia, they were thus better able to exploit the environment more effectively than the resident Neanderthals could. Still, the arrival of H. sapiens did not equal an instant demise for Neanderthals. The latest attempt to track their decline, carried out by Thomas Higham of Oxford and his colleagues, applied

The first beginning we had hunter and gatherers, and that became something that everybody started doing. People would use resources around them, and they would not stay in permanent settlements. Than a new life began and it was called Emergence of Agriculture. People know started having permanent settlements, the population has became bigger, and their health might be becoming shaky. These changes might have been better or worse.

The group I will tell you about is an early hunter-gatherer group that migrated to North America from Eurasia and ended up near the site of Blackwater Draw in New Mexico approximately 11,000 years ago. They used a tool technology called the Clovis industry. I will bring you into light of how they arrived at their main site or base camp. How they lived there, who they lived with, what they hunted and how they hunted it, also what their social networks were like.

Blastocystis hominis (B hominis) is a common parasitic organism found throughout the world. An infection with B hominis is called blastocystosis. The parasite lives in your large intestine and can be found in stool. It can remain in the body for weeks, months, or years. It is not known whether the parasite B hominis causes any symptoms in humans or if the associated symptoms may be caused by infection with other parasitic organisms, bacteria, or viruses. Often, B hominis is found along with other organisms that are more likely to be the cause of your symptoms.

The rise of health concerns continues to proliferate throughout the country from increasing obesity rates to the astonishing number of our population with high blood pressure or diabetes. It’s enough to make anyone want to second-guess everything they eat and put in into their bodies. We ask our doctor’s, and ourselves “what can be done?” Eat right, and exercise. Those are the parameters for maintaining a healthy life. So it’s only natural that across the board we’ve got numerous exercise programs to help you lose weight fast or build lean muscle. Then we’ve got every diet under the sun, the no carb diet, high protein diet and all juice diets. Through research we can find and utilize programs and healthy habits that we can practice

Evidence has prevailed linking cannibalism to the Neanderthals, early humans whose bones can be dated back to 225,000 years ago. (Feder 301) The Neanderthals were very skilled craftsmen and developed the Mousterian tool making technique for all their animal slaughtering and other woodworking needs. (Feder 303) The tactful knife work of the Neanderthals when it came to butchering up their animals is actually what gave archeologist insight on what is presumed to be evidence of cannibalism. (Culotta 18) A Neanderthal site in, cave Moula-Guercy, France holds human remains that display the same type of cut marks that were found on the bones of goats and deer. (Feder 307-308) This finding has puzzled anthropologists, since they also have proof of the Neanderthals caring for the sickly and burying the dead. (Feder 304-307) However, some have inferred that the reason for the treatment of another like that is because they were possibly an enemy. (Culotta 18) Another reason given for the Neanderthals doing this is because they needed the bone marrow and brains from that human as a source of fat to keep them warm in the winter. (Culotta 18). Regardless of the reason the Neanderthals practiced cannibalism, scientists and researchers are beginning to link the extinction of the Neanderthals with a disease that results from cannibalism. (Liberski 493) The consumption of human brains

All in the all, figure one indicates that diet quality shapes molar area. The primates with larger molar area had lower diet quality scores and the primates with smaller molar areas, had greater diet quality scores. This supports my hypothesis that molar area is positively correlated and relative to diet quality. Lower quality diets require bigger teeth to break it down. This diet can consist of seeds and leaves. Lower quality diets tend to not provide as much energy and nutrients. In contrast, high diet quality is correlated with smaller molar area. High quality diet consists of fruits, meat and much more. Smaller molars are needed to chew the food that larger incisors break down. Using the equation provided in figure one, predictions can be made about the diets of the fossil species. When plugged into the