Preliminary Bias And The Wason 2-4-6 Paradigm

In experiment 1, participants were instructed to press a key to determine if the stimulus was red, blue, yellow, or green. On the second half of the experiment, the stimulus appeared in grey with only one colored letter which was positioned randomly. Error rates for the experiment were below 2.5% for each condition, which is quite low. Experiment 2 was the same as experiment 1 except that there were 114 data collections instead of 288 and there were 36 practice trials instead of 72. According to experiment 1 and 2 it is suggested that the effect of

If I was doing this study, my hypothesis would be that “people, who receive an aversive stimulus every time they give an incorrect answer, will try harder to get the correct answer than those who do not receive anything”. My independent variables, which are the variables that researcher manipulates, would be the electric shocks and the emotional motivation; and my dependent variable, which is the variable that is tested and measured, would be the members’ results.

Confirmation bias is when a person would rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to prove it. For example, in the Wason Task each card is either “E,” “J,” “6,” or “7,” which follows

The results were intriguing as there were large individual differences or variation in responses. However nonetheless what was evident was that 25 percent of participants remained independent throughout the trials, another 50 percent conformed to the erroneous majority in 6 or more trials and another 5 percent conformed on all 12 trials. Therefore the average conformity rate was 33 percent.

An experimenter held up one of the cards and the subjects had to match on of the lines with the single line. For the first two cards, the seven matched the two pairs on lines correctly. The eighth subject answered correctly as well. On the third pair of cards, the seven subjects answered wrong to see if the eighth subject would conform or answer correctly. Asch found out that 75% of the subjects conformed at least once in the trials, but not one person conformed every time. The other 25% did not conform with any of the groups decisions. Some of the experiments had the subjects write down their answer so the line lengths could be accurately judged. In these experiments, 98% of the real subjects answered correctly. Asch found out many things from the experiment. Some of the findings are social support, attraction and commitment to the group, size of the group, and sex. Asch did the same experiment with a slight variation. He changed the answers of the seven subjects so that one of them always gave the right answer. This comforted the real subject and only 5% of the subjects agreed with the group answer. This social support experiment showed that if one person gives the same answer then a person feels more comfortable. Also, other experiments showed that the more attracted and committed

To test just exactly how E.S.P. worked, he created an experiment with Zener cards, which had one of a total 5 pictures on each of them. Rhine would draw a card form the deck and ask the subject to guess what picture was on the card. Out of the many subjects tested, most guessed only about 20% of the cards correct, but one young man averaged about 50% correct. This young man, Adam Linzmayer, would even guess up to 9 cards in a row, which was almost a one in a million chance—he did it three times. Rhine became overly excited of his findings on his belief in E.S.P. and wanted to publish the results. But upon his replication of the experiment, Linzmayer’s success rate of guessing the drawn cards greatly decreased (Lehrer, para. 12-13). This decline effect could possible be due to regressive fallacy, which is the inability to account natural and unavoidable fluctuations in experiments. For example, things like stock market prices and chronic back pain unavoidably fluctuate between prosperous and well-feeling times to poor and pain-filled times. By setting aside the idea of natural and unavoidable fluctuations, one can ultimately fall into self-deception and into post hoc

8. In exploring the certainty with which people hold their beliefs a researcher proposes that those with more information about the topic will be more certain about their belief about that topic. Half of the participants are given 20 facts about a topic and are asked about their belief about that topic. The other half of the participants are given 5 facts about a topic and are asked about the strength of their belief about that topic.

The findings by Mayr et al. (2003) sparked a debate due to conflicts with the results found by Gratton et al. (1992). Gratton et al. (1992) had previously looked at the possibility of a repetition priming effect and found that there

Forty participants watched a short film clip about student revolution. After, the participants answered some questions about it. Half of the participants were asked if the leader of four demonstrates was a male and the other half of the participants if the leader of twelve demonstrates was a male. One week later, both groups were asked new questions about the film but they did not have the chance to watch it again. One of the questions asked was about how many demonstrates were in the film, and the results were higher on the group that it was presupposed to have 12 demonstrators. It can be concluded that a wording of one question can alter the memory regarding an

The importance of replication is of upmost importance; not just definitions but individual acts of experimentation must be checked for reliability. Research must be repeated before a finding can be accepted as well-established. Though public schools have obtained similar results at one time or another, it might not hold true at another time with different researchers or different experimental

The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether people are influenced by leading questions. This experiment is a replication of an experiment conducted by Loftus and Palmer in 1974. In the experiment the independent variable was the verb used (contact, smash). The dependant variable was the speed estimated by the participants when recalling the picture of the crash from their memory. The results gave evidence that specific words could influence the retrieval of a memory. This is caused because of a schema associated with the verb. Contact is a less dramatic verb than smash, leading to different estimated speeds. This same concept results in

In a rule induction problem, positive hypothesis tests select evidence that the tester expects to be an example of the correct rule if the hypothesis is correct, whereas negative hypothesis tests select evidence that the tester expects to be

All questions will come from the lectures and the assigned chapters and parts of chapters in the text. The questions will be organized (as shown below) into the same main headings and subheadings used in the Lecture Notes, although some subheadings are different to reflect material covered in the text but not in lectures. Under each heading will be a mix of true-false and multiple-choice questions to be answered on a scantron sheet. For some of the true-false and multiple-choice questions, you also may be

Participants who were unable to choose one of the events, were right away given the response type “reasoning blocking.” This was done to make sure that these responses were not considered as “missing data”. Participants were given 60 seconds to complete this experiments and researchers recorded each participant’s answer. In Experiment 2, the generation of counterfactual thoughts was evaluated by asking the participants to write down possible alternative ways in which they could have arrived in time to buy the stereo system; these could be either new alternatives for example “If only I had called and made a reservation in advance” or alternatives that changed one of the “unfortunate” events for example, “If only I hadn’t been speeding”. Participants were given five minutes to complete this experiment. The number of different counterfactual thoughts that were formed was logged by two separate researchers, who filtered which of the participants answers were logical CFT answers and which ones were illogical or strange answers. The Counterfactual Inference Test (CIT), was lastly done to measure the ability to generate counterfactually resulting

Each experiment had the same procedure among different participant groups. The participants in the first experiment was thirty-one undergraduate or graduate student from the University of Cambridge. For the second experiment, fifty-nine people were recruited by community advertisement. And in the last experiment, twenty-seven survivors from fatal motor vehicle accidents, who developed PTSD (PTSD+) or never suffered from PTSD (PTSD-), were recruited through newspaper advertisements and from local clinics. In each trail of the experiment, the participants need to complete a storage task, which required them to remember 4 to 7 words, and an operation task, which asked them to count the number of a specific shape before and after the present of words. The words and shapes was shown over a neutral or negative background. In each trail, the participants need to complete the task 6 times. In each task, over a background image, four shapes popped up with 250ms each, and a word would appear for 350ms, and the other three shapes would show up with 250ms each. After that, the background image disappeared and the participants need to answer a question about the number of a specific shape they saw. After repeat this for 7 times, the participants were asked to write down all the words they saw in the order they presented. The percentage they correctly recalled was recorded. In each experiment, the independent variables were the negative background