Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ( Pmdd ) Is A Severe Form Of Premenstrual Syndrome

There are several mood disorders that falls under the umbrella of PPD which makes it vital to decipher between them.

“Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major form of depression and is less common than postpartum blues. PPD includes all the symptoms of depression but occurs only following childbirth.” stated by William Beardslee, MD is the Academic Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Children’s Hospital in Boston and Gardner Monks Professor of Child Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

MPD is a severed form of dissociation from reality in which it reflects a person’s extreme lack of connectivity to the world he is in

The presence of risk factors does not guarantee that a woman will experience PPD, but it may indicate that the health care provider should pay a little more attention to possible signs and symptoms of depression. Known risk factors include depression or other mental illness prior to, and during, pregnancy, a family history of depression or other mental health disorders, a history of substance abuse, the age of the mother, financial concerns, lack of a support system, and being a single parent (Camp, 2013). In the presence of risk factors it is important for the health care provider to educate the woman on ways to

Research shows that many women experience these symptoms during pregnancy. Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety that occur during pregnancy or within a year of delivery are now referred to as Perinatal Mood Disorders (PPMDs). Postpartum Depression is also caused

Postpartum psychiatric disorders are generally divided into 3 different categories: postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis and postpartum depression. Postpartum blues are very common. Symptoms are characterized by crying, confusion, mood swings, and anxiety. These symptoms manifest early after birth but don’t last very long. Another one is postpartum psychosis which is more severe. Symptoms appear within four weeks and include delusions, hallucinations and gross impairment in functioning. Postpartum depression begins in or extends into the postpartum period (Ohara, 2004). According to Health Facty, there are 10 symptoms of postpartum depression; sadness, mood swings, feeling overwhelmed, crying spells, problems with memory and concentration, change in sleep cycle, altered patterns of eating, loss of libido, social withdrawal, and an enduring sense of exhaustion. Symptoms must last longer than one moth to be diagnosed as postpartum depression.

Midwives, obstetricians and gynecologists are often the central medical caregivers for women and as such they are likely to be the first or only medical providers to identify, refer and coordinate a plan of care for women who have mood disorders. Early detection, intervention, treatment in conjunction with individualized care is imperative and greatly reduces the risk of adverse effects for the mother, infant and family. However fifty percent of women with these disorders are never diagnosed because many symptoms of mood disorders overlap with the symptoms of pregnancy and often are overlooked (Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2009). If left untreated these women can continue to have symptoms, sometimes for many

Not only is DID/MPD linked to childhood trauma and abuse but to high levels of stress. Its quite rare that an adult develop the disorder, but it can happen. For all the same reasons a child can get it being physically, sexually and emotionally abused. It takes a while for MPD/DID to become obvious in an adult because adults tend to try to keep in together. Especially being a married woman with kids, of course she doesn’t want her kids to see her down. Men tend to get stressed just trying to keep it together but it can sometimes be obvious.

PPD is defined as major depressive disorder with onset within 1 month after childbirth. However, symptoms of PPD can begin during pregnancy or as late as 6 months post-delivery. Symptoms of PPD must be present for at least two weeks and include sleep and appetite disturbance, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, decreased

2. Postpartum depression (PPD) is more intense and incapacitating as it can often interrupt with the woman's everyday activities. It can be accompanied by feelings of despair, anxiety, fatigue and irritability which linger and reoccur for months if no medical attention is given (5).

However, at the time of publication, DMDD was unsupported by empirical evidence (Axelson, 2013). Instead, DMDD is an adapted version of severe mood dysregulation (SMD), conceptualised as a broad-phenotype of PBD (Leibenluft, Charney, Towbin, Bhangoo, & Pine, 2003). Following the elimination of the hyperarousal criterion and a decrease in the age of onset criterion, DMDD is left with just two symptoms; (1) persistently irritable or angry mood, most of the time and, (2) severe, recurrent temper outbursts inconsistent with developmental level and grossly disproportionate to the situation (for full diagnostic criteria see: APA, 2013). Neither empirical nor anecdotal justifications for the modifications have been provided by the DSM-5 work group, although it is reasonable to suggest the elimination of the hyperarousal criterion was intended to clarify the boundary between DMDD and BD/ADHD. As for the age of onset adjustment, reasoning remains elusive (Copeland et al., 2013; Hart, 2014; Johnson & McGuinness, 2014; Rao, 2014).

Women attempt to hide their distress and struggle alone in fear of being labelled an unfit parent or, worse, having their baby taken from them. They may minimize their symptoms or attribute them to feeling overwhelmed by the demands of a new baby, lack of sleep, or difficult infant temperament. Some may deny “traditional” depressive symptoms in lieu of experiencing irritability and/or anxiety as their primary complaint. Even the most informed physicians may not attribute these feelings to PPD, assuming that they are due to the stress of newfound motherhood. It is estimated that at least 50% of PPD cases go unrecognized (Peindl, et al., 2004).When PPD is identified, it is most often the primary care provider who does so (41.3% of cases), followed by obstetricians (30.7%), then mental health providers (13.0%).9 While psychiatrists are probably better equipped to identify and treat PPD, women are more likely to seek help from their OB/GYN, primary care physicians, (Peindl, et al., 2004) or even their children’s paediatrician. The reasons for this discrepancy are likely multifactorial. A woman is already intimately familiar with the physicians she has been seeing for years and likely trusts them

Diagnosis and treatment choices will depend on the outcome of an evaluation. To diagnose PMDD and rule out any other problems there should be a complete physical and mental examination that entails a complete history of current and previous symptoms, which can also raise questions about illnesses of other family members and about mood, memory and changes in relationships (7). The treatment for PMDD is similar to that for major depression, which consists of antidepressants and psychotherapy. A woman suffering from PMDD has to take antidepressants not just during the time her symptoms occur, but on a regular basis. Psychotherapy helps a woman cope with the harsh symptoms and other challenges in her life (6). In severe cases hormones that induce premature menopause may be administered since symptoms for PMDD sufferers disappear with menopause (4).

MPD/DID “is an illness that is characterized by the presence of at least two clear personality states, called alters, which may have different reactions, emotions, and body functioning” than can lead to “time and memory lapses and blackouts” . This illness is “is thought to be an effect of severe trauma during early childhood, usually extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, which produces a lack of connection in a person 's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity”.