Preparation of Pyrolysis Oil: Crude pyrolysis liquid was obtained from local suppliers in

4- chlorobenzoic acid which was the aqueous layer has a theoretical melting point of 240-243°C, the organic layer, 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol has a theoretical melting point of 68-71°C. During our experiment we were unable to collect any data for the organic

After about 1 minute of shaking, the two layers separated. The organic layer on the top layer (consisted of ethyl acetate and naphthalene) collected for further experiment; by adding Sodium Sulfate into organic phase and filtering the Na2So4 from the solution using the wool. The dried organic layer was weighed to get its mass and the residue of Na2SO4 were rinsed with ethyl acetate under vacuum (rotary evaporator). The acid extract on the bottom layer which is a combination of benzoic acid and NaOH were collected in the 50 mL Erlenmeyer beaker for the recovery of acid.

In this experiment, a mixture of unknown #3 was used. That mixture had acid, base, and neutral. We added solvent to the unknown. It is important to know the density of the solvent in order to determine which is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. If the solvent that has more density than water, so the organic layer will be the lower layer, while if the solvent has lower density than water, the organic layer will be the upper layer. This will make an error if the determination of the layers was wrong after added the strong acid or the strong base. We added 5% HCl to the mixture in order to separate the base in the aqueous layer and form its salt. Same thing, we add 5% NaOH to the mixture in order to separate the acid and form its salt. In order to recover the base, we add 10% NaOH to the HCl extraction. The result will be salt with a base. Same thing for the acid, in order to recovered it, we added 10% HCl. The reaction will give us salt with an acid. For the neutral, we added sodium sulfate as a drying reagent in order to dry water and separate the neutral part as pure.

The remaining organic layer was washed with sodium bisulfite and brine. The sodium bisulfite was used to wash away MgOH and neutralize the acid. The solution was dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate and heated until the solvent evaporated. Anhydrous sodium sulfate is a drying agent used to remove water from the mixture. The crude mixture was triturated in petroleum ether. Trituration broke down the crude mixture into a desirable compound that remained insoluble, and impurities, which were soluble in the liquid. Therefore, the impurities were filtered out using petroleum ether. This rinsed away the non-polar byproduct,

Multiple extractions with smaller volumes are more efficient than a single extraction at a one large volume. When an organic solvent is used to extract a compound from the aqueous solvent, smaller volumes will result in a better extraction. The success upon the collection of the crude material is depended on how well the water is absorbed by the anhydrous drying material. The presence of the drying material correlates with the vapor pressure of the other compound. When the vapor pressure is low, there is a smaller amount of moisture in the gas produced. Once the anhydrous material is added and clumping was avoided, the evaporation of the added organic substance can proceed. The final material collected can be physically identified by the final color of the precipitate. A greenish- white precipitate is most likely identified to be pure, and a brownish color indicates that the collected material is wet, and not

10ml of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane was added to 25ml of concentrated (12M) Hydrochloric Acid in a separatory funnel. The contents were swirled gently without the stopper and venting was done frequently to release excess pressure. Shake the funnel until the layers separate and able to recognize which one is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. The organic layer was washed with 10ml portions of saturated aqueous sodium chloride and cold saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was washed again with 10ml of water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride.

At room temperature (25°C), esterification reactions are relatively slow, therefore requiring the rate of the chemical reaction to be increased for the products to be formed efficiently. This is implemented, by using a catalyst, such as concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4 (aq)), as well as by heating the mixture: using a heating mantle. As a result, the energy of the reactants can be greater than the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction. Hence, as the reactants are relatively volatile, so reflux apparatus such as a pear-shaped flask and a Liebig condenser were used, to minimise the amount of reactants lost, as well as allow the reaction to take place at the highest temperature possible. In addition, boiling chips were added prior to reflux, to prevent bumping and a decrease a loss of volatile reactants, during the reflux

The two solvents that were used was the original mixture that was initially discovered and the extraction which is used to pull out one of the mixtures from the liquid. The extraction solvent and the original mixture must be immiscible with one another. The extraction solvent must be able to reversibly

Later, the move gasoline is cooled to 212oC and enters into the Low Temperature (LT) converter in which Copper Oxide (CuO) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) catalysts are used. due to the presence of CO2, the used catalyst within the NH3 Synthesis loop might be poisoned; hence, it should be eliminated. consequently, CO2 is eliminated inside the CO2 removal unit with the aid of using MDEA (Methyl Di Ethanol Amine) under low temperature and pressure. In case of getting lines of CO and CO2 in the process fuel, it is important to transform them into Methane CH4 that happens within the methanation unit by way of using a Nickel catalyst at nearly 350 °C consistent with the subsequent exothermic response. CO + 〖3H〗_2 ↔ CH_4

Fig. 9 shows the reaction pathway of DME/air, n-butane/air and 50%DME50%n-butane/air mixture, using Aramco2.0 model at equivalence ratio of 0.5, temperature of 700 K and pressure of 10 atm. A snapshot of the reaction flux of 15% fuel consumption is provided.

Due to the extreme complexity of the underlying reactions, the kinetics of pyrolysis are often aggressively simplified to involve a limited number of reactions with products expressed as gas, tar, or char.

Moreover, the risk can be spread by the alternative catalytic approach. Catalysis has been proved an efficient way to convert CO2, although extra energy input (high temperature/pressure) is required because of the endothermic CO¬2 conversion. By using the solar-thermal catalytic approach, solar-driven heating is only energy source to maintain the reaction temperature. In addition, the dilute CO2 in the flue gas can be enriched after the bulk capture, which accelerates the subsequent catalytic CO2 conversion. As a result, catalytic reaction can be achieved at moderate pressure (if not atmospheric pressure) with the extra energy input controlled at a low level.

The proposed project inspired to put up multipurpose cooperative in Jovellar, Albay to produce charcoal briquettes out of coconut shells and agro forest wastes such as grasses, twigs and leaves. Charcoal Briquettes provide high quality of solid carbonized fuel that is easy to ignite a steady heat with low clean flame. It is deemed environmentally sound and sought to replace the traditional charcoal in the community which gives great threat to the environment that cause of cutting trees in

The selectivity of cumene is improved at low temperature and high benzene concentration. At low temperature, the reactor size and cost escalate. However, capital and operating cost for heater can be reduced since the second distillation column is not

The pilot project will run for 6 months before it’ll be assessed and decisions would be made on the sustainability and affordability of the pyrolysis technology (Kolver, 2014). One of the key factors that will hamper the affordability as well as the sustainability is the technology utilized. The pyrolysis technology specifically exploited for this plant is internationally sourced and