Prescription Drug Addiction Analysis

The electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, is growing in popularity in the United States among people who are trying to quit smoking. The e-cigarette gives the nicotine and physical sensations that the brain craves, while supposedly reducing the amount of harmful substances and smoke found in true cigarettes. However, e-cigarettes remain unregulated and are purely experimental in many ways. The side effects of e-cigarettes are allegedly less extreme and are not as slow as other nicotine replacements. The fast acting nicotine replacement gives attempting quitters an alternative option to smoking regular cigarettes, with fast crave quenching ability.

This study also showed that other factors like socioeconomic status and level of nicotine addiction affect quitting success.[59] In a similar basis, Brose et al. (2015), examined the impact of e-cigarette use while smoking on smoking cessation, reduction and attempts to quit. They concluded that the participants who used e-cigarettes daily at baseline reported more attempts to quit and daily use at follow-up was connected to reduced conventional cigarette use, while no daily use had no effects. However, daily use was not associated with smoking cessation.[60] Biener and Hargraves (2014), used data from a longitudinal study in two metropolitan areas in US and they tested e-cigarette use association with motivation to quit and smoking cessation. They also concluded that only intensive users (daily e-cigarette use for at least 1 month) were more likely to quit compared with intermittent or no users.[61]

Preston, J. D., O'Neal, J. H., & Talaga, M. C. (2017). Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists (8th ed.). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger. ISBN:

When people try to fight an addiction to the nicotine in cigarettes they use an alternative smoking method that they believe is healthier and less damaging to the body. A vape is an electronic vaporizer that runs on water and is thought to be nicotine free, no bad odor, and advertised as an alternative to addicts by saying it decreases the risks of cancer and other smoke related illnesses. The problem here is that although vaping may be less risky than smoking the liquid that is used in the vape, still contains a low percentage of nicotine, which can still affect the body negatively. In the end a vape still contains the addicting factor. The purpose of this study is to prove that electronic cigarettes are just as addicting

Also, smoking reduction, abstinence rates, adverse events and product preferences were measured. The study participants were asked to be involve in a total of five study, at base line, week-4, week-8, week-12, and week-24. At baseline, researcher gathered participants’ basic demographic and detailed smoking history and the amount of pack-years was calculated along with their scoring of nicotine dependence level through questionnaire. In addition, depression and level of carbon monoxide exhaled were assessed. The participants were each given a free e-Cigarette kit that contains two rechargeable batteries, two atomizers and instructions on how to use the e-Cigarette. They were allowed to use the study product a maximum of 4 cartridges per day in hopes of decreasing the amount of cigarette smoked. Also, the participants had to fill a 4-weeks’ study diary recording product use, the amount of tobacco cigarette smoked and adverse events they experience. In week-4, week-8, and week-12 they receive additional nicotine cartridges along with the study diaries for the residual period. During these weeks they will list their eCO levels and return completed study diaries and any unused study products. On the final follow up week, participants

Smoking has been a preventable leading cause of death in many countries including the United stated for decades. Every year there are billions of dollars spent on treating diseases related to smoking. Many people desire to quit smoking every year but they do not resist a month without it without any form of treatment. Currents treatments such as nicotine transdermal patches, lozenge, gums or inhalations devices are affected but not for a long period of time. These acts as partial agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the body therefore they increase the 1 month quit smoking period to about 6 to 7 months. But these medication have many side effects such depression and hallucination which affect the therapy. Scientists at the ACS’

Smoking cessation is an incredibly difficult and repetitive endeavor, which has increased the motivation for developing effective nicotine replacement therapies. Electronic cigarettes have emerged as a new and popular method for smokers to attempt to reduce or quit smoking.

In summary, the limited amount of research studies found in this review does not allow for drawing any definite conclusions of the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes in nicotine withdrawal. Of one concern is the reliability of the data presented in the 2015 article by Picciotto, Lewis, Schalkwyk, and Mineur. As human emotions are quite complex, one cannot establish that nicotine affects human anxiety in the same manner as it does in lower animals such as cats and rats. The claims of electronic cigarettes reducing anxiety in the 2012 study by Dawkins, Turner, Hasna, and Soar is encouraging but limited by the small number of participants. The research by Bullen, Williman, Howe, Laugesen, McRobbie, Parag, and Walker in 2013 had a

This section introduces marriage and family students to basic psychopharmacology concepts. A majority of individuals seeking treatment for mental health issues either have been, are, or will be on psychotropic medications. With more psychotherapy patients taking psychotropic medications than ever before, therapists need to know the basics of pharmacology, as well as know where to access up-to-date information on the most common and latest medications available for treating mental illness and other related conditions. As such, it is important for MFTs to assess any underlying assumptions and ask how these assumptions mold our thinking process and belief systems.

Comparison One: Nicotine e-cigarettes to placebo e-cigarettes – assesses if nicotine is influencing an individual’s success at quitting.

Many self-help programs and devices for quitting the smoking habit have become available. Smoking patches are available that stick to your arm and release different levels of nicotine. A gum or lozenge is also available on the market for smokers who want to quit. These work by calming nicotine cravings, lowering anxiety and irritability levels. Another source available to smokers is Nicotine Anonymous. “Nicotine anonymous welcomes all those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction, including those using cessation programs and nicotine withdrawal aids” (“One day at a”). The e-cigarette is another device available to smokers that want to quit the habit. The e-cigarettes come in several different forms,

An enormous section of this article focuses on different Smoking Cessation aids. Orisasami and Ojo present successful effect of use

would like to discuss replacement therapy for tobacco, and the helpful ways of quitting, there are different ways to quit smoking and kicking that nasty habit, to increase your life term. According to the CDC Tobacco use can lead to tobacco/nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Quitting smoking greatly reduces the risk of developing smoking-related diseases and early death. It can lead to lung cancer and many other types of cancer and risk for heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (narrowing of the blood vessels outside your heart). (, 2015) There have been different types of therapy to reduce the use of nicotine and tobacco use. Such as medications that’s been approved by your PCP, nicotine patches, and Hypnosis.

Smoking is a major problem concerning public health. It comes with many side effects that affect not only the smoker, but also victims of secondhand smoke and even thirdhand smoke. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide that affects at least 6 million people a year. Previous research has shown that smokers die an average of 15 years earlier than non-smokers. Eric C. Donny, Ph.D, along with several other researchers, proposed that in order to decrease smoking’s impact on public health, the nicotine content of cigarettes should be limited to a non addictive level. This idea was first introduced by Benowitz and Henningfield, who published a commentary on the reduction of nicotine content in tobacco products. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to reduce, but not completely eliminate, nicotine from tobacco products if such action is likely to benefit public health (Donny 1341). Results from previous small studies suggest that reduced-nicotine cigarettes have several benefits including reduced smoking, reduced nicotine exposure, reduced dependence, increased abstinence, and decreased withdrawal-related discomfort (Donny 1341). This study investigates the effects of lowered nicotine content versus normal nicotine content in cigarettes. Significant results from this study can change current guidelines on the contents and

There are a lot of new other solutions to stop smoking in today’s life but the most effective and under-rated is the E-Cigarette. E-Cigarettes are debated a lot whether E-Cigarettes are actually harmful to the smokers heath or not. It is hard to say that switching to E-Cigarettes from cigarettes are more helpful than harmful since they hold advantages that that can’t be taken care of. Smoking normal cigarettes is still a