President Tusk 's Statement : An Informal Gathering

In order to understand the evolvement of the Single Market of the European Union, one has to take the general background into consideration. Therefore, it is important to have a look at the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) which gave birth to the creation of the Single Market. Having been the Common Market before the Maastricht treaty, the European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty already clarified the objective of cooperation between member states. Throughout the Single Market, those objectives should be transformed into reality.

When communicating with others, you need to consider the context in which you are working. You

Regulation is the EU’s core responsibility in the Internal Market. To make the Internal Market function properly, both EU regulation and changes in national regulation have to be enforced. It is in the EU

One thing that a lot of careers have in common is that people are required to communicate with others on a daily basis. This may be exciting for some, but not everyone is interested in discussing work, home life or anything with their coworkers, supervisors or even customers.

“We are with you, but not of you,” the famous quote by Winston Churchill in 1948 what unofficially stated Great Britain’s political position towards Europe. Great Britain has been an awkward partner in Europe for a long time. Non-willingness to be described as a part of Europe, the refusal to join European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 (predecessor of the European Community and European Union), the willingness to go ‘only wider, but not deeper’ in case of European Union expansion, and the fear of losing her national identity and becoming a

Countries that are in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)- countries that are not in the European Union but do have access to the Single Market- must abide by EU economic regulations. Joining the EFTA has provided an option for Britain to leave the EU but remain the Single Market. However, this leaves Britain in a quandary: do they accept the EU’s regulations or risk being forced out of the Single Market? A complete withdrawal would also mean that at least in the short-term, Britain would have to retain some of the EU regulations

The third level of economic integration is the common market. “A common market, has no barriers to trade among member countries, including external trade policy, and allows factors of production to move freely among members” (Hall, 2015 pg. 258). In addition to production moving freely among

Britain believes that excessive regulation by Brussels has reduced European, particularly British competitiveness. Therefore it would like to see the European Union 's power to regulate diminished. It also wants to exercise greater control over its border and impose certain restrictions on the welfare payment to new migrants in Britain from Europen Union members. And it wants to return some of the powers to the British parliament that were conceded to the union.

Together, the countries of the EFTA and the EU make up the European Economic Area (EEA). This group allows for the following four freedoms, the movement of goods, services, persons and capital through the 30 member states. As well as allowing for the aforementioned freedoms, the EEA has agreed to cooperate with each other with “…research and development, education, social policy, the environment, consumer protection, tourism and culture, collectively known as ‘flanking and horizontal’ policies (Baur).” While they do have many benefits, the EEA does not share common fishing and agricultural policies, customs union, common trade policy, common foreign and security policy, justice and home affairs, or monetary union (Baur). This makes it so there are many benefits to both the EU and the EFTA, but the benefits are not as good as the ones they enjoy within their own groups.

Due to uncertain and vagueness of Dassonville approach , Cassis de Dijon further extend the distinction between distinctly and indistinctly applicable measures. It’s likely the UK regulation is indistinctly applicable measures as the regulation seems to imply if modification made to ‘Konfekt’ products complying UK requirements it would be accepted in the UK market. In Finland the measures are likely indistinctly applicable as all other member states including Finland have to follow the national law but it’s indirectly discriminatory towards other member states as Finland seems to portray as a protectionist promoting their own national goods. Most importantly Cassis principle of presumption of mutual recognition is applicable where as long as one member state allow the goods to be market there is no reason that other member states not allowing it, citing Commission v Spain . Thus UK regulation would not be applicable if others member states allow ‘Konfekt’

In the aftermath of the 1957 Treaty , the European Economic Community (EEC) was established and customs barriers between the member states have been abolished. Member States throughout the Community, can “promote a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between them”. Therefore, in order for a common market to be established between Member States, the Community enacted some legislative provisions which aimed to a true harmonization of laws; incorporate different legal systems under a basic legal framework. The main issue arising is whether these legal provisions in accordance with the case law, ensured the free movement of goods within this market.

The customs union and the common commercial policy are two of five exclusive competences or federal powers of the European Union; the other three are the competition rules, monetary policy and the conservation of marine biological resources.

Karen A. Mingst in her book "Essentials of International Relations" gives a definition "European Union (EU) is a union of twenty-five European States, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer political and economic union."1 In 1951, the European Union initially called the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) formed as a pact between six countries (Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg, France, Italy and the Netherlands), in order to obtain economic and political corporation. Originally concerned with coal and steel, the states hoped to ensure a serene outlook for Europe.2 The European Union has expanded to include a wide range of

The final set of variables for the analysis was the set of indicators on other trade agreements within the group of countries, including the trade agreement of interest, eea. Mario Larch’s Regional Trade Agreement Database from Egger and Larch (2008) was the source of this data. The database includes all multilateral and bilateral regional trade agreements (RTAs) as notified to the World Trade Organization for the last 66 years from 1950 to 2015. The indicators capturing these agreements turn from 0 to 1 as soon as two countries are simultaneously members of the trade agreement. Some of these controls however, were not applicable because they do not change for any of the countries (or country-pairs) throughout my duration of interest. The indicators capturing other trade agreements that do not include the 10 countries were not included in the analysis.

With the effect of the Single European Act on 1st July 1987, the emergence of European Union (EU) as a common market has essentially been created. The benefits of this act are substantial to European firms, economies, and workers. It eliminates conflicting national regulations and trade barriers, as well as offering firms opportunity to sell their goods to all other EU members (Griffin & Pustay 2005).