Prevalence of Masked Hypertenstion in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Correlation with HBA1C Levels

Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is causing huge health problem through out the world including developed countries. Mostly people with low income groups are affected in developed countries (Zimmet 2001).The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type 2 diabetes results mainly from its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, type 2 diabetes has now been identified as one manifestation of the “metabolic syndrome”, a condition characterised by insulin resistance and associated with a range of cardiovascular factors (Jonathan 2003)

According to Lewis and associates, DM is a chronic disease that affects multiple body systems. For the purpose of this paper, only DM type 2 will be discussed based

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disease worldwide. According to the American Diabetes association (ADA), 1808 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes, and another 7 million are thought to have the disease but have not been diagnosed. (Hilaire, Woods, 2013). This disease has impacted everyone in some way. It is a controllable disease; however many individuals choose not to control it or are uneducated on how to control it. Many people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) also have hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, poorly controlled blood sugars, and smoking. “Current evidence supports the concept that hyperglycemia significantly contributes to the development of both cardiovascular and microvascular complications of T2DM” (Chittari, McTernan, 2011). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus, accounting for 50% of all deaths (Campbell & Hillman, 2010).

One very important disease to screen for in adults is type 2 diabetes because it can often be asymptomatic in the beginning stages. If an individual has any of the risk factors of the disease then they should be tested for diabetes. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes are: a family history (parents or siblings), personal history of gestational diabetes, giving birth to a baby that weighs at least 9 pounds, obesity, being over 45 years of age, hypertension, pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose), limited physical activity, low HDL cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and race (African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders) (Tucker, 2014). There are advantages and disadvantages

The diagnosis of DPN is primarily clinical, based on clinical suspicion and confirmatory examination findings from the history and examination, followed by the exclusion of other potential causes.(Vinik A, et al 2013)

Sample size: The numbers of participants in these studies were small comparing to DMT2 patients worldwide. The highest study

Aim of the study: the aim is to evaluate the role of MRI and find the most common findings in the early stages of the disease, which could provide the knowledge to help finding a higher quality care or even a cure to the disease.

Type II Non-insulin dependent diabetes is the most common. It often occurs in older adults, patients who are overweight, and patient with metabolic disorders. It can happen at any age though. The tissues in the body have built some resistance to insulin. The insulin levels in these patients can vary from low to high and can also be normal. You might be at risk of developing Non-insulin dependent diabetes if you have a family history diabetes, being obese, not exercising enough, and your age. Rosdahl (2012) notes that Non-insulin dependent diabetes patients do not need insulin for life but May or may not need it to help control their insulin levels. Most patients

The signs and symptoms of DM1 or DM2 can be very different based on the individuals, even among members of the same family. Many people will not develop all of the symptoms tied to DM1 or DM2. DM1 and DM2 have many symptoms that overlap, but there are also symptoms unique to each disorder, making it easier to identify them in individuals and making them distinct disorders. DM1 can develop at birth (congenital form), during childhood (juvenile form) and during adulthood (adult form). The adult form is the most common form and usually begins in a person’s 30s. Generally, the signs and symptoms of these disorders can be seen in a person slowly over a long period of time. The onset of DM2 is typically in a persons 30’s, but anywhere between their

There are various treatments for DCM. The first option is to provide people with medicine, such as ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers (4). However, should their condition worsen, patients can receive ventricular assist devices to help them pump blood to the rest of their body. In extreme cases, heart transplants may be necessary

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally high because the body does not release or use insulin adequately. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. It is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes and formerly known as adult-onset diabetes. In this crosspost, the author will elaborate on the original threaded discussion and add additional information on Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Over a 2-year span 260 participants having PD were examined. To be selected for this

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