Preventing Surgical Site Infection ( Ssi ) Is Paramount For Healthcare Professionals

5. Poulin,P., et al.(2014) Preoperative Skin Antiseptics for preventing surgical site infections: What to do?

In 1992 the US National Nosocomial lnfection Surveillance (NNIS) system (Horan T C et al 1992)9 attempted to redefine post operative infection. This system has provided a greater discrimination for the patients at risk of developing wound infection. The NNIS system include-

As a hospital, quality care should be a priority for patients that are going to be treated for a sickness, or any type of procedure that is going to take place. A lot of times a patient gets an infection while they were at the hospital, on top of being treated for what they original came in for. Health facilities should be environments of healing, which they are, but they also have tons of various types of germs and infections, which grasp onto individuals that have weak immune systems/are sick. Some infections that are at hospitals are Tuberculosis, VRE, VAP, C-Diff, UTI, and MRSA. Preventive measures to stop the spread of the infections is lacking tremendously in the work and aim to provide safety for all patient’s health. The work

Surgical Site Infections (SSI) has a plethora of risk factors with in the operating room (OR). It is considered a SSI if a patient returns to the hospital within 30 days post operation with a superficial incision complaining of pain or tenderness or showing symptoms of purulent draining. If a patient has a deep organ space incision they have 30-90 days post-operative to be classified as a SSI. Surgical site infections are of the utmost concern because they account for the majority of nosocomial infection, 14% to 20%. Annually, they cost the United States roughly $3.5 to $10 billion in increased hospital costs, or $400 to 30,000 per infection (Bohl, et al., 2016). Organizations strive very hard to have all of their patients leave and to

The subject researched in this study is that of lowering rates of infection in the operating room. The search term used for researching this subject was 'lowering infection rates in the operating room'. This search term was input in the Pubmed database and returned five studies. Each of the studies was queried by abstract and reviewed for relevant information. The second database used for research in this study was the AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) database and the term used for research was 'operating room infection rates' which yielded 49 results. The five most relevant studies by title were chosen and then compared using the AHRQ comparison of

Health facility approved clean, freshly laundered surgical attire has been shown to aid in containing the shedding and dispersal of skin cells into the environment. Surgical site infections (SSI) has proven to be a major problem for both the hospital and patient. Because the human body is known to be reservoir for bacterial and other microorganism. The purpose of the surgical attire is to protect the patient and staff by maintaining a limited microbial spread. In order to maintain a clean environment and adhere to OSHA regulations, surgical attire must be

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) surgical site infections (SSI) are the most frequent health associated infection (HAI) in low- and middle-income countries. There is an 11.8 per 100 incident rate for surgical procedures. Despite the fact that the United State of America is considered a high-income country, it is the second frequent HAI in the USA. The WHO has established comprehensive evidence based guidelines taking into account the differences in resource availability, values, and preferences of different populations.

Griffin (2005) reports that most 'hospital acquired infections' (HAIs) are "largely preventable" and that surgical site infections (SSIs) "account for about 40% of all HAIs." (p.20) Griffin additionally notes that according to studies "surgical patients who develop SSI are twice as likely to die as those who don't. These patients are also 60% more likely to require an ICU admission, remain in the hospital twice as long, and have a 6 times higher rate of readmission that those with no infection." (Griffin, 2005, p.21) According to Griffin (2005) "appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics is fundamental in preventing SSI and includes three core elements: (1) appropriate selection; (2) timing of the first dose; and (3) discontinuation postoperatively. (p.21) This is reiterated in the work of Stefansdottir, et al (2009) entitled "Inadequate Timing of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Orthopedic Surgery" which reports that prophylactic antibiotics are in important part of the preventive measures" following surgery to combat SSIs. (paraphrased) Kasteren, et al (2007) in the work entitled "Antibiotic Prophylaxis and the Risk of Surgical Site Infections Following Total Hip Arthroplasty: Timely Administration Is the Most Important Factor" reports that SSIs following "total hip arthroplasty can lead to prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality and high costs." (p.921)

Ethical challenges are the most profound when dealing with patient safety; compliance with the prophylaxis antibiotic administration guidelines is paramount to a surgical patient in order to decrease the possibility of a post operative surgical site infection. Antibiotic timing requires

In 1992, CDC revised its definition of ‘wound infection’, by creating the definition, ‘surgical site infection’, to prevent the confusion between the infection of a surgical incision and the infection of a traumatic wound (Horan et al 1992). A precise definition of surgical site infection is vital for personnel measuring infection rates (WHO 2009). The definitions of surgical site infection may vary between research studies but are commonly based on those described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention although other valid measures have been used (NICE 2008). The CDC definition describes three levels of SSI:

In the United States, surgical site infections (SSIs) are considered the most common complication of surgeries. With half of the occurrences being “deemed preventable according to evidence-based strategies” (Berrios-Torres et al., 2017, p. 784), it is valuable to promote numerous methods that can be implemented to decrease the prevalence of SSIs to reach a better quality of care and to improve patient safety. The purpose of this paper is to discuss various preventive measures that can be put into practice to conclude which approaches result in a higher success in preventing SSIs, specifically in post-hysterectomy patients.

In general, it is reported in literature to be around 2%.4 In present study, only one patient (0.7%) developed wound infection postoperatively that was superficial, treated by simple debridement, antibiotic coverage and daily dressing. Low infectious rate achieved in this study may be due to preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and proper painting of the operating site by iodine.

Surgical site infection can become a serious post-operative complication leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Postoperative surgical site infections in addition to undesirable health outcome also increase hospital stay, cost and postoperative recovery. Most frequent microorganisms which cause postoperative surgical site infections include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. The main research problem identified in the reviewed article was a surgical site infections related to the surgical scrubs as a vehicle for delivery of micro bacterial organisms introduced into sterile environment. The author described frequency of occurrence of surgical site infections and factors which influence surgical site infections

Surgical site infections (SSI) occur in 2 – 5% of ‘clean’ non-abdominal surgical procedures (Rothrock, 2007). Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common cause for SSI in Orthopaedic surgery (NICE, 2008). Guidelines were produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to try and reduce this infection rate and include a preoperative phase, (including hair removal and antibiotic prophylaxis), an intra-operative phase and postoperative phase.

Postoperative surgical site infections according to Nichol (2001) remain a major source of illness in surgical patients. Beaver, (2008) point out that surgical infection is one of the side effects that occur after a patient has gone for surgery.