Prevention And Treatment Of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is the chief culprit when it comes to tooth loss in adults. Sometimes it is as minor as inflamed areas of the gums near the teeth, and in other cases to severe bone and tooth damage from bacterial infection. Over half of all adults age 30 and over suffer from periodontal disease, and those who smoke, have diabetes, take certain medications, or possess certain genetic predispositions are at a higher risk of developing periodontal disease. The good news is that even if you have suffered bone or tooth loss from periodontal disease, there is a surgical procedure for securing dental prosthesis that minimizes invasiveness and adds stability to the anchoring of your prosthesis to the jawbone. Here are some facts about the causes

If not treated gingivitis can turn into periodontal disease. According to (British Society of Periodontology), the risk factors of periodontal disease are high for people who smoke, family history and stress. Angela presented herself as a smoker and stressed which all related to periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are split into different types and classifications according to the specific etiology affirms (Nield-Gehrig & Willmann

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

There are approximately 4,000-7,000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Chemicals included are: nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, acetone, benzene, butane, Cadmium and DDT. The chemicals previously listed are typically found within nail polish remover, hair dye, rat poison, rubber cement, active ingredients in battery acid, embalming fluid, and materials for paving roads. Forty-three of the chemicals within a cigarette are known cancer-causing compounds, and over 400 other toxins. In addition, depending on the type of cigarette that is smoked, the effects could be even more harmful to one’s body by containing more additives and chemicals than others (Kleinman, L., M.D., & D. M., M.P.H., 2016).

Periodontal disease can lead you to lose all of your teeth. The mouth is the gateway to the rest of the body; it can be the entering passage between healthy and sick. The moment an infection grows in the mouth, the entire body automatically starts to try to fight it. “…due to significant findings supporting the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and osteoporosis” (Amar and Kim). It has been suggested that the bacteria of this infection may enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to the blood vessels which then increase clot formation. These clots then lower the blood flow to the heart indicating that a heart attack is a common consequence of gum

Periodontal disease is characterised by inflammation of tissues surrounding the teeth, damage to the supporting structures of teeth and the creation of pockets prone to bacterial infection (AIHW, 2015; Gehrig & Willmann, 2016). Periodontal disease is comprised of two main diagnostic categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is characterised by inflammation, redness, oedema, and bleeding upon probing (Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, 2009; Gehrig & Willmann, 2016). Chronic untreated gingivitis can often lead to periodontitis (Gehrig & Willmann, 2016; Van der Weijden & Slot, 2015), which presents as a loss of attachment between the supporting structures of the teeth such as bones, gums and ligaments. The greatest contributing factor to periodontal disease is the chronic build up of plaque - a sticky film that adheres to the teeth, which is composed of microorganisms, microbial waste products and food debris (Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, 2009). Regular and effective oral hygiene practices such as frequent tooth brushing (Zimmermann et al., 2015), using a manual or power toothbrush (Van der Weijden & Slot, 2015) and interdental cleaning (Crocombe, Brennan, Slade, &

Periodontal disease has two categories to classify that is known as gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontal disease is known as a “bacteria infection that induces an inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue”(230 Gehrig,J).

Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

Chronic periodontitis has been identified as the most prevalent form of periodontitis affecting the adults and occasionally the adolescents and children.(Merin, 2015) This periodontal disease of inflammatory origin is thought to be the result of host immune response against bacterial colonies in the subgingival plaque.(Merin, 2015) In many cases, systemic and environmental factors play a significant role in the disease progression. Common risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and smoking, contribute to periodontal destruction in genetically susceptible individuals by modifying the host’s immune reactions towards periodontal pathogens. Clinically, the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis is made based on the presence of supragingival and subgingival plaque and calculus, signs of gingival inflammation, periodontal attachment loss and radiographic bone loss. Chronic periodontitis can be further classified based on the extent and severity of periodontal destruction. Localised chronic periodontitis is diagnosed when less than 30% of the sites are affected; whereas the generalised form of the disease affects more than 30% of the sites. The severity of the disease is determined by the amount of clinical attachment loss. It is classified as mild, moderate or severe when 1-2mm, 3-4mm or 5mm or more attachment loss is recorded respectively. (Merin, 2015)

According to paper published by Eke, Wei, Thornton-Evans, and Genco in 2012, about 47% of the sample representing 64.7 million adults aged 30 yr and older had periodontitis. Not only that, adults aged 65yr and older had higher percentage

Cigarette smoking not only has a negative effect on respiratory and cardiovascular health, but also has been associated with diabetes, gastrointestinal and thyroid diseases, and almost every other organ system in the body (Johnson & Guthmiller, 2007). Linked to various cancers, smoking is extremely detrimental (Johnson & Guthmiller, 2007). Smoking is also “the major risk factor for periodontitis” (Preshaw et al, 2015). While increasing the prevalence of periodontitis, smoking also has a profound effect on the severity of periodontal disease in individuals (Preshaw et al, 2015). The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) in 2000 found that “41.9% of periodontitis cases in the United States were attributable to current cigarette smoking” (Tomar & Asma, 2000). Smokers have a four times greater chance to be diagnosed with periodontitis (Johnson & Guthmiller, 2007). Indeed, patients who are smokers also do not appear to respond as favourably to periodontal treatment and show a greater risk of refractory and/or recurrent periodontal disease (Fardal, 2008). Multiple studies show that smoking has the potential to alter numerous processes in the oral cavity (Preshaw et al, 2015). Most notably, smoking has been shown to modify various aspects of physiology in patients, impair immunological response and alter the microflora of the oral cavity (Presahaw et al, 2015).

BACKGROUND: Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) by definition is a group of rare, very destructive forms of periodontitis, usually manifests itself at an early age and shows a marked tendency to aggregate in families. A variety of factors, such as microbial, environmental and behavioral have been suggested as risk factors of Aggressive periodontitis.

Gingivitis, the acute inflammatory phase of periodontal disease, is characterized by redness, bleeding and swelling of the gingival tissue, and if let untreated can progress into periodontitis characterized by the formation of gingival pockets and potential tooth loss. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), periodontitis affects nearly half (47%) of American adults, which translates to nearly 65 million patients over the age of

). Note that all RA patients receive the same anti- rheumatic drugs during the whole coarse of periodontal therapy.

The simple smoke from a cigarette is more complex then it really looks. "Each time a person breaths in smoke about a million particles of very tiny complex materials are breathed in and only 20% of that is breathed out."(Hyde 1990) From these little millions of particles is the reason it causes problems for the human body. The main material in the some is nicotine. "Nicotine is an alkaloid poison found in