Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. The brain controls the vital functions of the body, including, speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, sight, hearing, and more. Brain cancer affects people in many different ways. Brain cancer is diagnosed at the local stage in 76.6% of people. The 5-year survival for localized brain and other nervous system cancer is 36.3%. Brain cancer will cause anything from headaches to balance and walking problems, changes in your vision, muscle twitches, memory problems, and nausea and vomiting.

There are many different type of cancers, there are also many different types of treatments. One of the most known types of treatments would be chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used for a wide range of different types of cancers and diseases, and each of the different types of cancers or diseases require a different group, and sometimes order, of chemicals to properly treat the cancer or disease. These chemicals include: Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Anthracyclines, Topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, corticosteroids, and more. Each of these drugs previously listed have its own cancer type(s) or disease(s) that it can assist in treating. Some of these cancers include: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple

When evaluating the recent onset of regional lymphadenopathy in a teenager, there are various etiologies that should be explored. Lymphadenopathy is often a benign entity that is self-limiting but can also be the presenting sign of a more serious illness. Our patient had several signs and symptoms that were concerning for both a malignant etiology as well as an infectious cause for his acute, painful lymphadenopathy. Due to the commonality and potentially serious causes of lymphadenopathy, it is important for physicians to be able properly differentiate the more commonly benign causes from the potentially serious illnesses.

Four years ago my family came across a cancer that has made our lives a rollercoaster. My sister was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. She put in all she had to fight this monster of a disease, but unfortunately at age 46, she has lost the battle and is on comfort measures through a hospice. This being said, has made me want to know everything I can about Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and given this great opportunity to write a research paper on this disease, gives me the time to be educated on it.

Primary brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the brain is the control center for vital functions of the body, including speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, vision, hearing and more.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma, which is universal term for tumors that develop in the lymphatic system. It is also called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin represents for about 90% of all lymphomas, and the remaining 10% are indicating to as Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas have an extensive variety of histological appearances and clinical components, which can make diagnosis hard. Lymphomas are not uncommon, and most doctors, independent of their and expertise, will presumably have gone over a patient with

lymphoreticular cells. Lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic tumor that occurs in dogs. It can be found in various sites throughout the body but is significantly more commonly located among the lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Lymphomas are most commonly found in middle aged and older dogs. Multicentric lymphoma, which is the most common kind of lymphoma that makes up 84 percent of lymphomas found in dogs, presents itself with a vast array of symptoms. The primary symptom of multicentric lymphoma is enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, the mandibular and prescapular lymph nodes in particular. Other symptoms include but are not limited to, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, emaciation, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, dyspnea, polydipsia and ascites. There are 5 stages of lymphoma in domestic animals, which are further classified into having systemic signs and not showing any systemic signs. Stage I is when the tumor is limited to a single node or

Lymphoma is made of a histologically heterogeneous group of cancers, arise from the cells of the immune system with enlargement of lymph nodes. Lymphoma is classified into two main types according to its pathology classification which are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma[1].The most common signs and symptoms to this disease are painless swellings of lymph nodes in neck and underarm, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, itching of the skin, recurring infections swelling in the abdomen and face, cough and shortness of breath[2].

Thomas Hodgkin began discovering a disease called Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in 1832. (Hildago, 1994.) This cancerous disease begins in the lymphocytes or white blood cells and can spread throughout the immune system. This type of lymphoma is identified by a specific cancerous cell called a Reed- Sternberg cell. When this cell is found other types of lymphomas or cancers can be ruled out. Dr. Reed and Dr. Sternberg discovered the microscopic difference of the Hodgkin’s disease cells, which is how the cell received its name. (“What is Hodgkin Disease?” 2015.)

Leukemia most common treatments are: Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, and Bone marrow transplantation, and then there is also Biological therapy. In chemotherapy, patients take one or more anticancer drugs by mouth or, intravenously through IV therapy. In some cases, doctors need to inject the drugs directly into the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Chemo can cause side effects, like losing your hair, nausea, fatigue, or easy bruising, depending on the drug. The side effects usually go away progressively between treatments or after treatments stop.

Burkitt’s lymphoma is a very aggressive type of B-cell NHL with replication approaching 100%. It has three clinical forms; endemic, sporadic and immunodeficiency associated. The endemic variant is common in Africa, the sporadic variant is present in the U.S and Western Europe, and immunocompromised variant occurs mainly in HIV patients. The sporadic variant comprises 30% of pediatric lymphomas and less than 1% of adult NHL.

1- Is an infection can cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women whose their age between 40-50?

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is caused by clonal expansion of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8; also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) infected B cells (Nador et al., 1996). HHV8 is an oncogenic herpesvirus that pathogenically infects endothelial cells and B lymphocytes. Besides, PEL is also implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease (Carbone et al., 2009; Cai et al., 2010).

Common malignant brain cancers increase significantly according to statistical data collected by the National Cancer Institute. In 1984, the annual incidence rates of primary brain tumor and primary brain lymphoma also increased notably, the rate of lymphoma almost tripling,

DISCUSSION : NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide Brain, Bone, Liver and adrenal gland are the most common extra pulmonary sites of distant metastases (1) 20-50% of NSCLC will present with metastatic disease. Stage IV NSCLC has an overall median survival time of 7-11 months (2) the standard management of stage IV Lung cancer is palliative chemotherapy with platinum based combination. Patient presenting with Anorexia weight loss and fatigue have an especially poor prognosis which depicts advanced stage and aggressive tumor biology (3) squamous cell carcinoma was associated with a higher probability of treatment response then adeno carcinoma (4) Brain metastases have dismal prognosis without treatment, with median